Wiktionary

江

江 U+6C5F, 江
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C5F
← 汞
[U+6C5E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 池 →
[U+6C60]

Translingual

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Han character

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Stroke order
 

江 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+3, 6 strokes, Cangjie input 水一 (EM), four-corner 31110, composition ⿰氵工)

Derived characters

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Additional derived characters

Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 606, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17140
  • Dae Jaweon: page 999, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1551, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+6C5F

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 江
alternative forms 𬇔
𣲅
 
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 江
Warring States
Bronze inscriptions
 
Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
缸 *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢 *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑 *kluːmʔ
涳 *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江 *kroːŋ
肛 *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛 *kroːŋ
杠 *kroːŋ
豇 *kroːŋ
茳 *kroːŋ
釭 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼 *kroːŋ
玒 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹 *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔 *kʰroːŋ
崆 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫 *kʰroːŋ
控 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌 *qʰroːŋ
谾 *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡 *qʰroːŋ
缻 *ɡroːŋ
項 *ɡroːŋʔ
屸 *ɡ·roːŋ
功 *koːŋ
工 *koːŋ
疘 *koːŋ
魟 *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻 *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩 *koːŋ
碽 *koːŋ
貢 *koːŋs
羾 *koːŋs
空 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜 *kʰoːŋ
硿 *kʰoːŋ
埪 *kʰoːŋ
鵼 *kʰoːŋ
倥 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚 *kʰoːŋs
叿 *qʰoːŋ
嗊 *qʰoːŋʔ
訌 *ɡoːŋ
紅 *ɡoːŋ
仜 *ɡoːŋ
葒 *ɡoːŋ
渱 *ɡoːŋ
鴻 *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞 *ɡoːŋʔ
澒 *ɡoːŋʔ
鞏 *koŋʔ
巩 *koŋʔ
銎 *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐 *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩 *ɡoŋ
筇 *ɡoŋ
桏 *ɡoŋ
邛 *ɡoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kroːŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).

Etymology 1

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"Yangtze River"

Borrowed from a substrate Austroasiatic language as Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river, valley”); compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ruŋ ~ ruuŋ ~ ruəŋ (“river”) > Proto-Vietic *k-roːŋ (“river”) (Vietnamese sông), Mon ကြုၚ် (krɜŋ, “small river, creek”).

Derivative: 港 (OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs, “harbour”).

Pronunciation

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Note: gĕ̤ng - refers to rivers, gŏng - used in place names or as a surname.
Note:
  • gang1 - vernacular;
  • gorng1 - literary, also used in place names like 江陰.
Note:
  • Shanghai, Chuansha, Haining, Songjiang, Tongxiang, Xiaoshan:
    • 1cian - literary;
    • 1kaon - vernacular.
  • Suzhou, Chongming, Kunshan:
    • 1ciaon - literary;
    • 1kaon - vernacular.
  • Changzhou:
    • 1kan - vernacular.
  • Deqing:
    • 2ghon - literary;
    • 1kan - vernacular.
  • Haiyan:
    • 1cian - literary;
    • 1kuaon - vernacular.
  • Jingjiang:
    • 1cienn - literary;
    • 1kan - vernacular.
  • Ningbo:
    • 1kaon - vernacular.
  • Yixing:
    • 1cian - literary;
    • 1kan - vernacular.
    Note:
    • 1ciaon - literary;
    • 1kaon - vernacular.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 江
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiɑŋ⁵⁵/
    Harbin /t͡ɕiaŋ⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /t͡ɕiɑŋ²¹/
    Jinan /t͡ɕiaŋ²¹³/
    Qingdao /t͡ɕiaŋ²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiaŋ²⁴/
    Xi'an /t͡ɕiaŋ²¹/
    Xining /t͡ɕiɔ̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /t͡ɕiɑŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /t͡ɕiɑ̃³¹/
    Ürümqi /t͡ɕiɑŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
    Kunming /t͡ɕiã̠⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /t͡ɕiaŋ³¹/
    Hefei /t͡ɕiɑ̃²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiɒ̃¹¹/
    Pingyao /t͡ɕiɑŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /t͡ɕiɑ̃³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /kɑ̃⁵³/
    /t͡ɕiã⁵³/
    Suzhou /t͡ɕiɑ̃⁵⁵/
    /kɑ̃⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /t͡ɕiɑŋ³³/
    Wenzhou /kuɔ³³/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕia³¹/ ～淮
    /ka³¹/ 姓～
    Tunxi /kau¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕian³³/
    Xiangtan /t͡ɕian³³/
    Gan Nanchang /kɔŋ⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /koŋ⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /koŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kɔŋ⁵³/
    Nanning /kɔŋ⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /kɔŋ⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kaŋ⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /køyŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kɔŋ⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /kaŋ³³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /koŋ²³/
    /kiaŋ²³/
    Rime
    Character 江
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 江 (9)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 古雙切
    Baxter kaewng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kˠʌŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kᵚɔŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kɔŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kaɨwŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/kɔŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kɔŋ/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/kɔŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiāng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gong1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 江
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jiāng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kæwng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kˁroŋ/
    English (Yangzi) river

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 江
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 3995
    Phonetic
    component         		工
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		江
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kroːŋ/

    Definitions

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    江

    1. Yangtze River
      Synonym: 江水 (jiāngshuǐ)
    2. (by extension) river (Classifier: 條／条)
      錢塘江／钱塘江  ―  Qiántángjiāng  ―  Qiantang River
    3. (obsolete) (～日) (telegraphy) the third day of a month
    4. a surname, Jiang (Mainland China), Chiang (Taiwan), Kong (Hong Kong), or Kiang (archaic)
      江澤民／江泽民  ―  Jiāng Zémín  ―  Jiang Zemin
    Usage notes
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    The word that referred to bodies of flowing water such as stream, creek or river was represented in early Chinese by 水 (shuǐ) and 川 (chuān), pictograms showing water flowing between two banks. Specialized characters were created to represent words that described particular bodies of water. These words often contain the water radical (氵), which was originally written in the same way that the original form of 水 was written. The term 河 (hé) usually referred directly to the 黃河／黄河 (Huáng Hé, “Yellow River”). Over time, 河 became used as a generalized term for rivers that were bigger than a stream. Similarly, 江 was originally the name of the Yangtze River which is a relatively larger body of flowing water. And later 江 became a generic term.

    Among Modern Chinese users, there are commonly held beliefs about the differences between these near synonyms that may not be reflected in an ordinary dictionary. 江 are often thought of as the larger rivers that are usually in southern China, while 河 are usually rivers with comparatively lesser volume or that are artificial and are usually found in northern China. These two terms are often the subject of attempts at comparisons. Terms for smaller bodies of flowing water include: 溪 (xī), 港 (gǎng), 水道 (shuǐdào), 溝／沟 (gōu), 渠 (qú), 塘 (táng). Additional terms that are mainly used for rivers in certain regions include: 川 (chuān) (from Japanese from Classical Chinese), 涌 (chōng) (from Cantonese), 曲 (qū) (from Tibetan), 藏布 (zàngbù) (from Tibetan), 郭勒 (guōlè) (from Mongolian). As for rivers outside Sinosphere, 河 is usually used. There are many exceptions to these patterns owing to inconsistent usage of the relevant terms in different forms of Chinese and English over time, and also due to cultural attitudes about proper usage of the terms.

    See also
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    Compounds

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    Descendants

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    Sino-Xenic (江):
    • → Japanese: 江(こう) (kō)
    • → Korean: 강(江) (gang)
    • → Vietnamese: giang (江)

    Etymology 2

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    For pronunciation and definitions of 江 – see 豇 (“cowpea”).
    (This character is the second-round simplified form of 豇).
    Notes:

    References

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    • “江”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
    • 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “江”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 258.

    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    江

    (Jōyō kanji)

    1. creek
    2. inlet
    3. bay

    Readings

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    Compounds
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    Etymology 1

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    Kanji in this term
    江
    え
    Grade: S
    kun'yomi

    /je/ → /e/

    From Old Japanese. The ye pronunciation merged with e in Early Middle Japanese. The merged sound was ye until the Edo period, which is found in Yedo, yen and Yebisu.

    This term was so representative of the ye reading that it lent its shape to the hentaigana 𛀁 (ye).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    江(え) • (e) 

    1. inlet, bay
    2. (archaic, possibly obsolete) (general term for a large body of water)
      1. sea
      2. large river
      3. lake
    Usage notes
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    Although 江 (e) was sometimes used generically for a large body of water, it was most often used to indicate the portion of that body of water that extended inland.[2]

    Synonyms
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    Derived terms
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    Proper noun

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    江(え) • (E) 

    1. a surname

    Etymology 2

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    Kanji in this term
    江
    こう
    Grade: S
    kan'on

    /kau/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/

    From Middle Chinese 江 (MC kaewng).

    The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    江(こう) • (kō) ←かう (kau)?

    1. (archaic) large river

    Proper noun

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    江(こう) • (Kō) ←かう (Kau)?

    1. short for 長江 (Chōkō): the Yangtze River
    2. old name for 琵琶湖 (Biwa-ko): Lake Biwa
    3. a surname
    4. a unisex given name
    Derived terms
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    Etymology 3

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    Various nanori readings.

    Pronunciation

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    Proper noun

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    江(ごう) • (Gō) 

    1. a surname
    2. a unisex given name

    Etymology 4

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    Kanji in this term
    江
    へ
    Grade: S
    (ateji)
    kun'yomi

    Particle

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    江(へ) • (e) 

    1. (dated) alternative spelling of へ (e, “to, towards”)
      • 1977, 週刊文春1977年1月13日号
        内(ない)藤(とう)国(くに)雄(お)より美(み)空(そら)ひばり賛(さん)江(へ)
        Naitō Kunio yori Misora Hibari san e
        From Kunio Naito to dear Ms. Hibari Misora

    References

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    1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    Korean

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    Etymology

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    From Middle Chinese 江 (MC kaewng). Recorded as Middle Korean 가ᇰ (kang) (Yale: kang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja

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    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    江 (eumhun 강 강 (gang gang))

    1. hanja form? of 강 (“river”)

    Compounds

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    References

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    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    江: Hán Nôm readings: giang, giăng, nhăng, gianh

    1. (only in compounds) river
    2. chữ Hán form of Giang (“a surname from Chinese”)
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=江&oldid=91503713"