Wiktionary

kraj

See also: kráj

Czech

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Czech Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia cs

Etymology

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Inherited from Old Czech kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь. By surface analysis, deverbal from krájet.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ˈkraj]
  • Audio:(file)

Noun

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kraj m inan

  1. edge, periphery, outskirts
  2. region

Declension

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Declension of kraj (soft masculine inanimate)
singular plural
nominative kraj kraje
genitive kraje krajů
dative kraji krajům
accusative kraj kraje
vocative kraji kraje
locative kraji krajích
instrumental krajem kraji

Derived terms

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Further reading

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Lower Sorbian

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Etymology

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Probably borrowed from Upper Sorbian kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь. Doublet of kšaj, which was inherited.

Noun

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kraj m inan

  1. region, land
    Synonym: kšaj

Declension

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Declension of kraj
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative kraj kraja kraje
Genitive kraja krajowu krajow
Dative krajoju krajoma krajam
Accusative kraj kraja kraje
Instrumental krajom krajoma krajami
Locative kraju krajoma krajach

Further reading

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  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “kraj”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999), “kraj”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
  • Lower Sorbian vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Old Czech

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Etymology

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Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *krey-
Proto-Indo-European *kreh₁y-
Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁y-
Proto-Indo-European *kroyh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *kroyh₁-eye-ti
Proto-Balto-Slavic *krájīˀtei
Proto-Slavic *krojiti?
Proto-Indo-European *krey-der.?
Proto-Slavic *kràjь
Old Czech kraj

    Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kràjь. By surface analysis, deverbal from krájěti.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    kraj m inan

    1. edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
    2. (chiefly in the plural) borderland
    3. landscape, area, territory, country

    Declension

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    Declension of kraj (soft o-stem)
    singular dual plural
    nominative kraj krajě kraji, krajové
    genitive krajě krajú krajóv
    dative kraju krajoma krajóm
    accusative kraj krajě krajě
    vocative kraju krajě kraji, krajové
    locative kraji, kraju krajú krajích
    instrumental krajem krajoma kraji
    This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    • Czech: kraj

    References

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    Old Polish

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    Etymology

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    Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European *krey-
    Proto-Indo-European *kreh₁y-
    Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁y-
    Proto-Indo-European *kroyh₁-
    Proto-Indo-European *kroyh₁-eye-ti
    Proto-Balto-Slavic *krájīˀtei
    Proto-Slavic *krojiti?
    Proto-Indo-European *krey-der.?
    Proto-Slavic *kràjь
    Old Polish kraj

      Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kràjь. First attested in the 14th century.

      Pronunciation

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      • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /kraːj/
      • IPA(key): (15th CE) /krɒj/

      Noun

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      kraj m inan

      1. (attested in Lesser Poland) border (edge of a territory)
      2. (attested in Lesser Poland) edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
        • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎scan transliteration, transcription, numbers 132, 3, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament]:
          Yasz stanpa w kray odzena gego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)
          [Jaż zstąpa w kraj odzienia jego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)]
        • 1880-1894 [Fifteenth century], Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności‎[2], volume V, page 266:
          Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego krayv szwyatha, ubi sol oritur
          [Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego kraju świata, ubi sol oritur]

      Derived terms

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      adjective
      noun

      Descendants

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      References

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      Polish

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      Polish Wikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedia pl

      Alternative forms

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      Pronunciation

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      • Audio 1:(file)
      • Audio 2:(file)
      • Rhymes: -aj
      • Syllabification: kraj

      Etymology 1

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      Etymology tree
      Proto-Indo-European *krey-
      Proto-Indo-European *kreh₁y-
      Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁y-
      Proto-Indo-European *kroyh₁-
      Proto-Indo-European *kroyh₁-eye-ti
      Proto-Balto-Slavic *krájīˀtei
      Proto-Slavic *krojiti?
      Proto-Indo-European *krey-der.?
      Proto-Slavic *kràjь
      Old Polish kraj
      Polish kraj

        Inherited from Old Polish kraj.

        Noun

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        kraj m inan (related adjective krajowy)

        1. country (territory of a nation)
          Synonyms: kraina, państwo
        2. (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
        3. (chiefly dated or archaic or Kuyavia, Ruszków, Central Greater Poland, Ostrzeszów, Eastern Greater Poland, Sompolno, Łowicz, Sieradz, Wieluń, Radomsko, Kielce, Kije, Western Kraków, Sławków, Skała, Smardzowice, Siewierz, Chruszczobród, Rudawa, Bolechowice, Eastern Kraków, Gdów, Bochnia, Pińczów, Lasovia, Sandomierz, Stare Kichary, Biecz, Ropczyce-Sędziszów County, Ropczyce-Sędziszów County, Przemyśl, San river, Podhale, Rabka-Zdrój) edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
          Synonym: skraj
          1. (Suwałki, Augustów Governorate, Western Kraków, Eastern Kraków, Gdów, Bochnia, Northern Borderlands, Lithania) edge (border of some place)
            kraj świata (Suwałki, Augustów Governorate, Western Kraków, Eastern Kraków, Gdów, Bochnia, Northern Borderlands, Lithania)
            edge of the world
        4. (Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kikół, Działyń, Western Kraków, Górna Wieś, Biecz, Ropczyce-Sędziszów County, Podhale, Rabka-Zdrój, Skawa, Odrowąż, Northern Borderlands, Samogitia, Żmudź) synonym of brzeg (“coast”)
        5. (Przemyśl, San river, Podhale, Zakopane) synonym of początek (“beginning”)
        Declension
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        Declension of kraj
        singular plural
        nominative kraj kraje
        genitive kraju krajów
        dative krajowi krajom
        accusative kraj kraje
        instrumental krajem krajami
        locative kraju krajach
        vocative kraju kraje
        Derived terms
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        nouns

        Trivia

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        According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), kraj is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 107 times in scientific texts, 193 times in news, 205 times in essays, 37 times in fiction, and 19 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 561 times, making it the 83rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

        Etymology 2

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          See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

          Verb

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          kraj

          1. second-person singular imperative of krajać

          References

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          1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990), “kraj”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎[1] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków; Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 199

          Further reading

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          • Modern Standard Polish:
            • “kraj”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎[3] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
            • “kraj”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎[4] (in Polish)
            • Woliński, Marcin; Saloni, Zygmunt; Wołosz, Robert; Gruszczyński, Włodzimierz; Skowrońska, Danuta; Bronk, Zbigniew (2020), “kraj”, in Słownik gramatyczny języka polskiego [Grammatical Dictionary of Polish]‎[5], 4. online edition, Warszawa
          • Middle Polish:
          • Historic dictionaries:
          • Dialectal dictionaries:
            • Jan Karłowicz (1901), “kraj”, in Słownik gwar polskich [Dictionary of Polish dialects] (in Polish), volume 2: F do K, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 463
            • Marzena Kozanecka-Zwierz, Magdalena Bartosiewicz, Renata Marciniak-Firadza, editors (2014), “kraj”, in Gwara – Księżaków "język ojczysty" Dziedzictwo regionu łowickiego (in Polish), Łowicz: Muzeum w Łowiczu, →ISBN, page 36

          Serbo-Croatian

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          Etymology 1

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          Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁(y)-.

          Pronunciation

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          Noun

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          krȃj m inan (Cyrillic spelling кра̑ј)

          1. end, ending
          2. rim, edge, verge
          3. region, area
          4. landscape, scenery
          5. (archaic) land, shore
          Declension
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          Declension of kraj
          singular plural
          nominative krȃj krȁjevi / kràjevi
          genitive krȁja krȁjēvā / krajévā / kràjēvā
          dative krȁju krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima
          accusative kraj krȁjeve / kràjeve
          vocative krȁju krȁjevi / kràjevi
          locative krȁju / kràju krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima
          instrumental krȁjem krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima

          Further reading

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          • “kraj”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

          Etymology 2

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          Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

          Pronunciation

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          Preposition

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          krȁj (Cyrillic spelling кра̏ј) [with genitive]

          1. near, next to, beside (= pȍred, pȍkraj, dȍ)
            Dođi, s(j)edni kraj mene. ― Come, sit next to me.
          2. past, by (= pȍred, pȍkraj)
            Metak je proletio točno kraj mene. ― The bullet flew right by me.
          3. (proscribed) in spite of, despite (= ȕprkos/ȕsprkos, pȍred)
            I kraj svega toga, preživio sam. ― And despite all of it, I survived.

          Further reading

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          • “kraj”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

          Silesian

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          Etymology

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          Etymology tree
          Proto-Indo-European *krey-
          Proto-Indo-European *kreh₁y-
          Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁y-
          Proto-Indo-European *kroyh₁-
          Proto-Indo-European *kroyh₁-eye-ti
          Proto-Balto-Slavic *krájīˀtei
          Proto-Slavic *krojiti?
          Proto-Indo-European *krey-der.?
          Proto-Slavic *kràjь
          Old Polish kraj
          Silesian kraj

            Inherited from Old Polish kraj.

            Pronunciation

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            • IPA(key): /ˈkraj/
            • Audio:(file)
            • Rhymes: -aj
            • Syllabification: kraj

            Noun

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            kraj m inan

            1. country (territory of a nation)
              Synonyms: regiōn, krajina, państwo
            2. edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
            3. (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
              Synonyms: rant, brzyg
              Antonym: postrzodek

            Further reading

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            Slovak

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            Slovak Wikipedia has an article on:
            Wikipedia sk

            Etymology

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            Etymology tree
            Proto-Indo-European *krey-
            Proto-Indo-European *kreh₁y-
            Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁y-
            Proto-Indo-European *kroyh₁-
            Proto-Indo-European *kroyh₁-eye-ti
            Proto-Balto-Slavic *krájīˀtei
            Proto-Slavic *krojiti?
            Proto-Indo-European *krey-der.?
            Proto-Slavic *krajь
            Slovak kraj

              Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

              Pronunciation

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              Noun

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              kraj m inan (relational adjective krajový or krajský, diminutive krajíček)

              1. edge
              2. end
              3. region

              Declension

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              Declension of kraj
              (pattern stroj)
              singularplural
              nominativekrajkraje
              genitivekrajakrajov
              dativekrajukrajom
              accusativekrajkraje
              locativekrajikrajoch
              instrumentalkrajomkrajmi

              Further reading

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              • “kraj”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2026

              Slovene

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              Slovene Wikipedia has an article on:
              Wikipedia sl

              Etymology

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              Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь. First attested in the 16th century.

              Pronunciation

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              Noun

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              krȁj m inan

              1. place (location, position)
              2. town, village or place
                Iz katerega kraja si ravnokar prišel? ― What place have you just come from?
              3. end or beginning

              Declension

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              		 The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.
              Masculine inan., soft o-stem
              nom. sing. kràj
              gen. sing. krája
              singular dual plural
              nominative
              (imenovȃlnik)               		kràj krája kráji
              genitive
              (rodȋlnik)               		krája krájev krájev
              dative
              (dajȃlnik)               		kráju krájema krájem
              accusative
              (tožȋlnik)               		kràj krája kráje
              locative
              (mẹ̑stnik)               		kráju krájih krájih
              instrumental
              (orọ̑dnik)               		krájem krájema kráji

              Further reading

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              • “kraj”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2026

              Upper Sorbian

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              Etymology

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              Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

              Noun

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              kraj m inan

              1. country, land

              Descendants

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              • → Lower Sorbian: kraj

              Further reading

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              • “kraj”, in Mudra corpus [Upper Sorbian–Czech dictionary] (in Czech), 2024–2026
              • “kraj” in Soblex
              Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=kraj&oldid=91198930"