keras

Estonian

Noun

keras

1. inessive singular of kera

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay keras, from Classical Malay keras, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /kəˈras/ [kəˈras]
• Rhymes: -as
• Syllabification: ke‧ras

Adjective

kêras (comparative lebih keras, superlative paling keras)

1. hard,
   1. (of material) resistant to pressure

      Roti itu terlalu keras untuk dipotong.

      That bread is too hard to cut

      Synonym: kuat

   2. (figurative) demanding a lot of effort to endure

      Ia baru menyadari kerasnya kehidupan ― He just realized how hard life is

      Synonyms: pelik, sulit, susah

      Antonyms: gampang, mudah

   3. (figurative) severe, harsh

      kata-kata keras ― harsh words

      Antonym: lembut

   4. (of drugs, figurative) having a high concentration of an essential or active ingredient; strong

      Obat keras. ― Hard drugs.

   5. (of a man, figurative) having an erect penis; erect

      Synonyms: bangun, ereksi, tegang

      Antonyms: lembek, loyo, tidur

2. strong
   1. (of wind, figurative) having a lot of power

      Synonyms: cepat, kencang

      Antonym: pelan

   2. (of disease or symptom, figurative) very bad or intense; severe

      Ia sakit keras ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

      Synonyms: parah, payah

      Antonym: ringan

   3. (figurative) having an offensive or intense odor
3. (material state) rigid; firm; stiff

   Ototnya sangat keras dan alot. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   Antonym: lembut

4. (of foods, figurative) difficult to cut or chew; tough

   Synonyms: kenyal, liat

5. (figurative) likely to use physical force; violent

   Ia menarik secara keras kedua tangan anaknya yang menangis meronta-ronta ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   Synonym: kuat

   Antonym: pelan

6. (of a sound, figurative) of great intensity; loud

   Suaranya sangat keras sehingga menggangu orang lain. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   Synonyms: kuat, nyaring

   Antonyms: lembut, pelan

7. (of water current, figurative) moving with great speed; fast

   Synonym: deras

8. (of rainfall, figurative) very heavy
9. (of opinion, figurative) fixed
10. (of price, figurative) with speed; in a rapid manner; rapidly
11. (of cigarettes, figurative) likely cause dizziness

    Synonym: berat

    Antonym: ringan

12. strong, strict and seriously

Hyponyms

• keras hati
• keras kepala
• keras kerak
• keras lidah
• keras mangkas
• keras mulut
• keras tulang

Derived terms

• berkeras
• berkeras-keras
• berkeras-kerasan
• bersikeras
• kekerasan
• keras-mengerasi
• memperkeras
• mengeras
• mengerasi
• mengeraskan
• pengeras
• pengerasan
• perkerasan
• terkeras

Further reading

• “keras”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Lithuanian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *k⁽ʷ⁾er(H)-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *kory (“root”) and Latvian cȩrs (“bush, knotty root of a tree”).

Noun

kẽras m (plural kerai̇̃) stress pattern 4

1. bush, shrub

Declension

Declension of kẽras

	singular (vienaskaita)	plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas)	kẽras	kerai̇̃
genitive (kilmininkas)	kẽro	kerų̃
dative (naudininkas)	kẽrui	keráms
accusative (galininkas)	kẽrą	kerùs
instrumental (įnagininkas)	kerù	kerai̇̃s
locative (vietininkas)	kerè	keruosè
vocative (šauksmininkas)	kẽre	kerai̇̃

Etymology 2

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ker-, *kēr-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *čarъ (“magic, sorcery”).

Noun

kẽras m (plural kerai̇̃) stress pattern 4

1. divination, sorcery, enchantment

Declension

Declension of kẽras

	singular (vienaskaita)	plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas)	kẽras	kerai̇̃
genitive (kilmininkas)	kẽro	kerų̃
dative (naudininkas)	kẽrui	keráms
accusative (galininkas)	kẽrą	kerùs
instrumental (įnagininkas)	kerù	kerai̇̃s
locative (vietininkas)	kerè	keruosè
vocative (šauksmininkas)	kẽre	kerai̇̃

References

• “keras”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
• Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 78f; 237

Malay

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəʀas.

Pronunciation

• (schwa-variety, /a/-variety, Standard Literary) IPA^(key): /kəˈras/ [kəˈras]
• Rhymes: -ras, -as
• Hyphenation: ke‧ras

Adjective

kĕras (Jawi spelling کرس, comparative lebih keras, superlative paling keras)

1. hard, stiff
2. rigid, inflexible
3. obstinate

Antonyms

• lembut

Derived terms

Affixations

• kekerasan (“hardness; stifness; rigidness”)
• kerasi
• keraskan (“to make something hard”)
• mengerasi
• mengeraskan (“to make something hard”)
• perkerasan

Compounds

• keras hati (“stubborn; persistent; persevering”)
• keras kepala (“stubborn; hardheaded”)

Descendants

• > Indonesian: keras (inherited)

Further reading

• "keras" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017