Wiktionary

complex

See also: Complex and complèx

English

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Etymology

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From French complexe, from Latin complexus, past participle of complector (“I entwine, encircle, compass, infold”), from com- (“together”) and plectere (“to weave, braid”). May be analyzed as com- +‎ -plex. See complect. Doublet of complexus.

Pronunciation

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Adjective
  • (UK) IPA(key): /ˈkɒm.plɛks/, /kəmˈplɛks/
  • Audio (UK):(file)
  • (US) enPR: kəmplĕks, kŏm'plĕks; IPA(key): /kɑmˈplɛks/, /kəmˈplɛks/, /ˈkɑmplɛks/
  • Audio (US); /kəmˈplɛks/:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɛks
Noun

Adjective

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complex (comparative more complex or (nonstandard) complexer, superlative most complex or (nonstandard) complexest)

  1. Made up of multiple parts; composite; not simple.
    a complex being; a complex idea
    The human body is a complex system made up of many layers.
  2. Not simple, easy, or straightforward; complicated.
    Synonyms: complicated, detailed, difficult, hard, intricate, involved, tough; see also Thesaurus:complex
    Antonyms: basic, easy, simple, simplex, straightforward; see also Thesaurus:easy
    • 1837, William Whewell, “Inductive Epoch of Hipparchus”, in History of the Inductive Sciences, from the Earliest to the Present Times. […], volume I, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […]; Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: J. and J. J. Deighton, →OCLC, book III (History of Greek Astronomy), section 2 (Estimate of the Value of the Theory of Eccentrics and Epicycles), page 183:
      If, when the actual motions of the heavens are calculated in the best possible way, the process is complex and difficult, and if we are discontented at this, nature, and not the astronomer, must be the object of our displeasure.
  3. (mathematics, of a number) Having the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is (by definition) the imaginary square root of −1.
    complex number
    function of a complex variable
  4. (mathematics, mathematical analysis, of a function) Whose range is a subset of the complex numbers.
    complex function
  5. (mathematics, algebra) Whose coefficients are complex numbers; defined over the field of complex numbers.
    complex polynomial
    complex algebraic variety
  6. (geometry) A curve, polygon or other figure that crosses or intersects itself.

Derived terms

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Translations

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The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
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Noun

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complex (plural complexes or (nonstandard) complices)

  1. A network of interconnected systems.
    military-industrial complex
  2. A collection of buildings with a common purpose, such as a university or military base.
    • 2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Protheans: Mars Ruins Codex entry:
      The south polar region of Promethei Planum developed a Bermuda Triangle reputation. Satellites detected intermittent mass concentrations and magnetic field shifts. In 2148, prospectors working near Deseado Crater discovered an underground complex: a Prothean observation post. The odd phenomena were generated by the operation and discharge of a mass effect core, struggling to function despite fifty millennia of neglect.
    • 2021 February 6, The Courier-Mail, Brisbane, page 4, column 1:
      A man at the complex said he had seen the often heavily made-up girls coming and going in luxury vehicles.
  3. An assemblage of related things; a collection.
    • 1692–1717, Robert South, Twelve Sermons Preached upon Several Occasions, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London:
      This parable of the wedding supper comprehends in it the whole complex of all the blessings and privileges exhibited by the gospel.
    1. An organized cluster of thunderstorms.
    2. A cluster of wildfires burning in the same vicinity.
      The fire complex began as two separate fires.
      • 2020 September 16, “Millions of acres burn in California as weather improves in Northwest.”, in The New York Times, retrieved 16 September 2020:
        As of early Wednesday, there were at least 25 major wildfires and fire complexes, the term given to multiple fires in a single geographic area, burning in California, Christine McMorrow, a Cal Fire information officer, said.
    3. (taxonomy) A group of closely related species, often distinguished only with difficulty by traditional morphological methods.
      Synonyms: species complex, species group, species aggregate
      Hyponyms: species flock, superspecies
      • 2015 November 26, Mosè Manni et al., “Relevant genetic differentiation among Brazilian populations of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae)”, in ZooKeys, volume 540, →DOI:
        Since then, a good deal of research has documented and concluded that the nominal species A. fraterculus actually comprises an unresolved complex of cryptic species.
  5. (psychology) A group of emotionally charged ideas or mental factors, unconsciously associated by the individual with a particular subject, arising from repressed instincts, fears, or desires and often resulting in mental abnormality.
    Synonym: constellation
    Jim has a real complex about working for a woman boss.
    1. A fixed mental tendency or obsession.
  6. (chemistry) A structure consisting of a central atom or molecule weakly connected to surrounding atoms or molecules, as for example coordination complexes in inorganic chemistry and protein complexes in biochemistry.
    • 2013 September-October, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist:
      Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: […] . The evolutionary precursor of photosynthesis is still under debate, and a new study sheds light. The critical component of the photosynthetic system is the “water-oxidizing complex”, made up of manganese atoms and a calcium atom.
  7. (mathematics) A complex number.
    • 1996, Barry Simon, Representations of Finite and Compact Groups, page 50:
      The interesting aspect here is that U3 is irreducible, even though all irreps over the complexes are one-dimensional because ℤ4 is abelian.
  8. (linguistics) A multimorphemic word, one with several parts, one with affixes.

Derived terms

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Translations

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The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Verb

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complex (third-person singular simple present complexes, present participle complexing, simple past and past participle complexed)

  1. (chemistry, intransitive) To form a complex with another substance.
  2. (transitive) To complicate.

Translations

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References

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Further reading

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Catalan

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin complexus.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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complex (feminine complexa, masculine plural complexos, feminine plural complexes)

  1. complex (made up of multiple parts; composite; not simple)
    Synonym: compost
    Antonyms: simple, senzill
  2. complex (complicated, not simple, easy or straightforward)
    Synonyms: complicat, embolicat
    Antonyms: simple, senzill

Derived terms

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Noun

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complex m (plural complexos)

  1. collection (a set of things or parts related to each other)
  2. complex (e.g. of buildings)
  3. (psychoanalysis, psychology, chemistry) complex
  4. (mathematics) complex number, complex

Further reading

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Dutch

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Etymology

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Borrowed from French complexe or German komplex, from Latin complexus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /kɔmˈplɛks/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: com‧plex
  • Rhymes: -ɛks

Adjective

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complex (comparative complexer, superlative meest complex or complext)

  1. complex (composite)
  2. complex (complicated)
  3. (mathematics) complex (containing an imaginary component or involving imaginary numbers)

Declension

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Declension of complex
uninflected complex
inflected complexe
comparative complexer
positive comparative superlative
predicative/adverbial complex complexer het complext
het complexte
indefinite m./f. sing. complexe complexere complexte
n. sing. complex complexer complexte
plural complexe complexere complexte
definite complexe complexere complexte
partitive complex complexers —

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • → Indonesian: kompleks

Noun

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complex n (plural complexen, diminutive complexje n)

  1. complex (collection of buildings or facilities with a common purpose)
  2. (psychoanalysis) complex (abnormal mental state caused by repression)

Derived terms

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Descendants

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German

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Adjective

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complex (strong nominative masculine singular complexer, comparative complexer, superlative am complexesten)

  1. Obsolete spelling of komplex which was deprecated in 1902 following the Second Orthographic Conference of 1901.
    • 1781, Immanuel Kant, “Die Diſciplin d. r. Vernunft in Beweiſen”, in Kritik der reinen Vernunft [Critique of Pure Reason], Riga: Johann Friedrich Hartknoch, page 785:
      Hiedurch nun, daß das Einfache in der Abſtraction vom Einfachen im Obiect ganz unterſchieden iſt und daß das Ich, welches im erſteren Verſtande gar keine Mannigfaltigkeit in ſich faßt, im zweiten, da es die Seele ſelbſt bedeutet, ein ſehr complexer Begriff ſeyn kan, nemlich ſehr vieles unter ſich zu enthalten und zu bezeichnen, entdecke ich einen Paralogism.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

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Positive forms of complex
number & gender singular plural
masculine feminine neuter
predicative er ist complex sie ist complex es ist complex sie sind complex
strong declension
(without article) 		nominative complexer complexe complexes complexe
genitive complexen complexer complexen complexer
dative complexem complexer complexem complexen
accusative complexen complexe complexes complexe
weak declension
(with definite article) 		nominative der complexe die complexe das complexe die complexen
genitive des complexen der complexen des complexen der complexen
dative dem complexen der complexen dem complexen den complexen
accusative den complexen die complexe das complexe die complexen
mixed declension
(with indefinite article) 		nominative ein complexer eine complexe ein complexes (keine) complexen
genitive eines complexen einer complexen eines complexen (keiner) complexen
dative einem complexen einer complexen einem complexen (keinen) complexen
accusative einen complexen eine complexe ein complexes (keine) complexen
Comparative forms of complex
number & gender singular plural
masculine feminine neuter
predicative er ist complexer sie ist complexer es ist complexer sie sind complexer
strong declension
(without article) 		nominative complexerer complexere complexeres complexere
genitive complexeren complexerer complexeren complexerer
dative complexerem complexerer complexerem complexeren
accusative complexeren complexere complexeres complexere
weak declension
(with definite article) 		nominative der complexere die complexere das complexere die complexeren
genitive des complexeren der complexeren des complexeren der complexeren
dative dem complexeren der complexeren dem complexeren den complexeren
accusative den complexeren die complexere das complexere die complexeren
mixed declension
(with indefinite article) 		nominative ein complexerer eine complexere ein complexeres (keine) complexeren
genitive eines complexeren einer complexeren eines complexeren (keiner) complexeren
dative einem complexeren einer complexeren einem complexeren (keinen) complexeren
accusative einen complexeren eine complexere ein complexeres (keine) complexeren
Superlative forms of complex
number & gender singular plural
masculine feminine neuter
predicative er ist am complexesten sie ist am complexesten es ist am complexesten sie sind am complexesten
strong declension
(without article) 		nominative complexester complexeste complexestes complexeste
genitive complexesten complexester complexesten complexester
dative complexestem complexester complexestem complexesten
accusative complexesten complexeste complexestes complexeste
weak declension
(with definite article) 		nominative der complexeste die complexeste das complexeste die complexesten
genitive des complexesten der complexesten des complexesten der complexesten
dative dem complexesten der complexesten dem complexesten den complexesten
accusative den complexesten die complexeste das complexeste die complexesten
mixed declension
(with indefinite article) 		nominative ein complexester eine complexeste ein complexestes (keine) complexesten
genitive eines complexesten einer complexesten eines complexesten (keiner) complexesten
dative einem complexesten einer complexesten einem complexesten (keinen) complexesten
accusative einen complexesten eine complexeste ein complexestes (keine) complexesten

Latin

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Etymology

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From con- +‎ plicō.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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complex (genitive complicis); third-declension one-termination adjective

  1. closely connected, confederate, participant
  2. of the twelve Olympians (Jūnō, Vesta, Minerva, Cerēs, Dīana, Venus, Mārs, Mercurius, Jūpiter, Neptūnus, Vulcānus, Apollō)
    Synonym: cōnsēns

Declension

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Third-declension one-termination adjective.

singular plural
masc./fem. neuter masc./fem. neuter
nominative complex complicēs complicia
genitive complicis complicium
complicum
dative complicī complicibus
accusative complicem complex complicīs
complicēs 		complicia
ablative complicī
complice 		complicī complicibus
vocative complex complicēs complicia

Notes

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  1. No direct connection to the English adjective complex, which is from Latin complexus with an etymologically related, yet different stem.
  2. The twelve Olympians were also called dī complicēs.

Noun

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complex m or f (genitive complicis); third declension

  1. participant, confederate, accomplice

Declension

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Third-declension noun.

singular plural
nominative complex complicēs
genitive complicis complicum
dative complicī complicibus
accusative complicem complicēs
ablative complice complicibus
vocative complex complicēs

Descendants

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References

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Romanian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from French complexe, from Latin complexus.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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complex m or n (feminine singular complexă, masculine plural complecși, feminine/neuter plural complexe)

  1. complex
    Antonym: simplu

Declension

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Declension of complex
singular plural
masculine neuter feminine masculine neuter feminine
nominative-
accusative 		indefinite complex complexă complecși complexe
definite complexul complexa complecșii complexele
genitive-
dative 		indefinite complex complexe complecși complexe
definite complexului complexei complecșilor complexelor
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Further reading

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