alus
English
editNoun
editalus
Anagrams
editBalinese
editEtymology
editCognate to Malay halus (“fine, soft, small”)
Adjective
editalus (Balinese script ᬳᬮᬸᬲ᭄)
Estonian
editEtymology
editNoun
editalus (genitive aluse, partitive alust)
- base, bottom (something on which an object stands or is attached to)
- Samba alus on graniidist. ― The base of the statue is made of granite.
- foundation, base, fundamental (in an abstract sense)
- Programmeerimise alused. ― Fundamentals of programming.
- watercraft, vessel
- (grammar) subject
- (chemistry) base
- Tugevaid aluseid nimetatakse leelisteks. ― Strong bases are called alkali.
Declension
edit| Declension of alus (ÕS type 9/katus, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | alus | alused | |
| accusative | nom. | ||
| gen. | aluse | ||
| genitive | aluste | ||
| partitive | alust | aluseid | |
| illative | alusesse | alustesse aluseisse | |
| inessive | aluses | alustes aluseis | |
| elative | alusest | alustest aluseist | |
| allative | alusele | alustele aluseile | |
| adessive | alusel | alustel aluseil | |
| ablative | aluselt | alustelt aluseilt | |
| translative | aluseks | alusteks aluseiks | |
| terminative | aluseni | alusteni | |
| essive | alusena | alustena | |
| abessive | aluseta | alusteta | |
| comitative | alusega | alustega | |
Derived terms
editFinnish
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Finnic *alus. Equivalent to ala- (“under”) + -us.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editalus
- (now chiefly in compounds) underlay, base, under- (anything underlaid)
- Synonyms: alunen, alusta, (dialectal) alu-
- Antonyms: päällys, (dialectal) pääly-
- aluskerros ― underlayer
- alushousut ― underpants
- aluspatja ― bed base (literally, “undermattress”)
- the space under(neath) something
- vessel, craft, ship (vehicle designed for navigation in or on water or air or through outer space)
- Synonym: laiva (“ship”)
- the time before a holiday, the period leading up to a holiday, etc.
- (grammar, dated) subject
Declension
edit| Inflection of alus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | alus | alukset | |
| genitive | aluksen | alusten aluksien | |
| partitive | alusta | aluksia | |
| illative | alukseen | aluksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | alus | alukset | |
| accusative | nom. | alus | alukset |
| gen. | aluksen | ||
| genitive | aluksen | alusten aluksien | |
| partitive | alusta | aluksia | |
| inessive | aluksessa | aluksissa | |
| elative | aluksesta | aluksista | |
| illative | alukseen | aluksiin | |
| adessive | aluksella | aluksilla | |
| ablative | alukselta | aluksilta | |
| allative | alukselle | aluksille | |
| essive | aluksena | aluksina | |
| translative | alukseksi | aluksiksi | |
| abessive | aluksetta | aluksitta | |
| instructive | — | aluksin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
Derived terms
edit- alusastia
- alusasu
- alushame
- alushousut
- alusjätelaki
- aluskarva
- aluskasvi
- aluskasvillisuus
- aluskate
- aluskehys
- aluskerros
- aluskimono
- aluskukkula
- aluskuori
- aluslaatta
- aluslakana
- aluslakka
- aluslanka
- aluslattia
- aluslaudoitus
- aluslautanen
- aluslehti
- aluslevy
- alusliikenne
- alusliina
- alusloimi
- alusmaa
- alusmatto
- aluspahvi
- aluspaita
- aluspiimä
- aluspuku
- aluspusero
- alusrakenne
- alusrimoitus
- alustakki
- alustyyppi
- alustäyttö
- alusvaate
- alusvaatekerta
- alusvaltio
- alusvesi
- alusviikko
- alusvoide
- alusväri
- asuntoalus
- avaruusalus
- emoalus
- emäalus
- evakuointialus
- hakurahtialus
- huoltoalus
- huvialus
- hävittäjäalus
- höyryalus
- ilma-alus
- ilmatyynyalus
- irtolastialus
- jokialus
- joukkojenkuljetusalus
- joulunalus
- joulunaluspäivä
- joulunalusviikko
- kaapelialus
- kalastusalus
- kantosiipialus
- kantotasoalus
- kappaletavara-alus
- kauppa-alus
- kelirikkoalus
- komentoalus
- konealus
- konttialus
- koulualus
- kuivalastialus
- kuljetusalus
- kuualus
- kynnenalus
- lastialus
- lattianalus
- lavanaluslihas
- leuanalus
- luotsialus
- maavaikutusalus
- mahanalus
- maihinnousualus
- majakka-alus
- matkustaja-alus
- merenmittausalus
- merentutkimusalus
- merialus
- meripelastusalus
- merivartioalus
- miehistönkuljetusalus
- moottorialus
- nosturialus
- pannunalus
- pelastusalus
- peräporttialus
- pinta-alus
- purjealus
- puskualus
- päänalus
- päänaluslauta
- rahtialus
- rannikkoalus
- raskaslastialus
- risteilyalus
- ro-ro-alus
- saaristoalus
- saattaja-alus
- satama-alus
- siipiratasalus
- silmänalus
- sisaralus
- sisävesialus
- sota-alus
- suihkualus
- sukellusalus
- säiliöalus
- sängynaluslaatikko
- säähavaintoalus
- taistelualus
- tankkialus
- tarkastusalus
- tavara-alus
- tiedustelualus
- tukialus
- turbiinialus
- työntöalus
- valaanpyyntialus
- valtamerialus
- vartioalus
- vatsanalus
- vihollisalus
- viikinkialus
- väyläalus
- ydinalus
- yhteysalus
- öljynkeräysalus
- öljyntorjunta-alus
Further reading
edit- “alus”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2 July 2023
Anagrams
editIban
editAdjective
editalus
References
editBup Sereba Reti Jaku Iban [Iban Language Dictionary] (in Iban), Kuching: The Tun Jugah Foundation, 2023, ISBN: 978-983-44995-1-8
Anagrams
editIngrian
editEtymology 1
editFrom ala- (“under-”) + -us. Akin to Finnish alus and Estonian alus.
Pronunciation
edit- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈɑlus/, [ˈɑɫuˑz̠]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈɑlus/, [ˈɑɫuˑʒ̥]
- (Hevaha) IPA(key): /ˈɑlus/, [ˈɑɫuˑʒ̥]
- Rhymes: -ɑlus
- Hyphenation: a‧lus
Noun
editalus
- vessel, ship
- 1937, N. A. Iljin, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (kolmas osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 6:
- Ennen meil oli paljo alusmeehiä. Ken oli rikas - katsot, i alus oli.
- Before, we had a lot of sailors. Whoever was rich - you take one look, and [he has] a ship.
- lining (of a garment)
- bedding (base on which one sleeps)
Declension
edit| Declension of alus (type 2/petos, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | alus | alukset |
| genitive | aluksen | aluksiin |
| partitive | alusta, alust | aluksia |
| illative | aluksee | aluksii |
| inessive | aluksees | aluksiis |
| elative | aluksest | aluksist |
| allative | alukselle | aluksille |
| adessive | alukseel | aluksiil |
| ablative | alukselt | aluksilt |
| translative | alukseks | aluksiks |
| essive | aluksenna, alukseen | aluksinna, aluksiin |
| exessive1) | aluksent | aluksint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Synonyms
editDerived terms
editEtymology 2
editSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
edit- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈɑlusːɑ/, [ˈɑɫuˑs̠ː]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈɑlus/, [ˈɑɫuˑʒ̥]
- (Hevaha) IPA(key): /ˈɑluːs/, [ˈɑɫːuːʒ̥]
- Rhymes: -ɑlusː, -ɑlus
- Hyphenation: a‧lus
Noun
editalus
References
edit- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 14
- Arvo Laanest (1997), Isuri keele Hevaha murde sõnastik, Eesti Keele Instituut, page 20
Javanese
editRomanization
editalus
- romanization of ꦲꦭꦸꦱ꧀
Latin
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editLearned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἄλος (Álos).
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈaː.ɫʊs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈaː.lus]
Noun
editālus f (genitive ālī); second declension
Declension
editSecond-declension noun.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ālus | ālī |
| genitive | ālī | ālōrum |
| dative | ālō | ālīs |
| accusative | ālum | ālōs |
| ablative | ālō | ālīs |
| vocative | āle | ālī |
Synonyms
edit- (garlic, species of comfrey plant): ālum
References
editLatvian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Baltic *álu, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut- (“bitter”). A minority view considers the Latvian and Lithuanian terms to be ultimately borrowings from Germanic, via Old Prussian. Cognates include Lithuanian alùs, Old Prussian alu (“honey drink”), Old East Slavic олъ (olŭ, “strong drink”), Bulgarian олови́на (olovína, “beer yeast”), Slovene ôl (“beer”)|ol, Old English ealu, alu, English ale, Old Norse ǫl (“beer; feast”), Ancient Greek ἀλύδοιμος (alúdoimos, “bitter”).[1]
Pronunciation
editNoun
editalus m (3rd declension)
- beer (alcoholic beverage usually made with barley malt and hops)
- gaišais alus ― lager (literally, “light beer”)
- tumšais alus ― dark beer
- mājas alus ― home beer
- amatnieku alus ― craft beer
- medalus ― honey beer
- alus muca ― beer barrel, keg
- alus kauss ― beer mug
- alus darītava ― brewery (literally, “beer making place”)
- alus rūpniecība ― beer industry
- darīt, vārīt alu ― to make (literally, “to do”), to brew (literally, “to boil”) beer
- Jāņiem tika brūvēts alus, un nu staigāja no mutes uz muti liela, zaļa māla krūze, putām pārsegta, rūgteni smaržīga dzēriena pilna
- in midsummer beer was brewed, and then a big, green clay jug went from mouth to mouth, covered with foam and full of (that) bitter, aromatic drink
Declension
edit| singular (vienskaitlis) |
plural (daudzskaitlis) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | alus | — |
| genitive | alus | — |
| dative | alum | — |
| accusative | alu | — |
| instrumental | alu | — |
| locative | alū | — |
| vocative | alus | — |
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “alus”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca [Latvian Etymological Dictionary][1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
Lithuanian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Balto-Slavic *álu, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-.[1]
Cognate with Latvian alus (“beer”), Old Prussian alu (“beer”), and Proto-Slavic *ȍlъ (“beer”).[1][2][3]
Pronunciation
editNoun
editalùs m (plural ãlūs) stress pattern 4
Declension
edit| singular (vienaskaita) |
plural (daugiskaita) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (vardininkas) | alùs | ãlūs |
| genitive (kilmininkas) | alaũs | alų̃ |
| dative (naudininkas) | ãlui | alùms |
| accusative (galininkas) | ãlų | alùs |
| instrumental (įnagininkas) | alumi̇̀ | alumi̇̀s |
| locative (vietininkas) | alujè | aluosè |
| vocative (šauksmininkas) | alaũ | ãlūs |
References
edit- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Derksen, Rick (2015), “alus”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
- ^ “alus”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
- ^ “alùs” in Hock et al., Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 2.0 (online, 2020–); p. 26 in ALEW 1.1 (online, 2019).
Further reading
edit- “alus”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2026
- “alus”, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian], ekalba.lt, 1954–2026
Old Javanese
editEtymology
editAffixed lus (“smoothness, softness; finesse; gentleness, subtleness”) + a-.
Pronunciation
editAdjective
editalus
Descendants
edit- > Javanese: ꦲꦭꦸꦱ꧀ (alus) (inherited)
Further reading
edit- "alus" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.
Ternate
editEtymology
editFrom Malay halus or Javanese ꦲꦭꦸꦱ꧀ (alus).
Pronunciation
editVerb
editalus
Conjugation
edit| singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| inclusive | exclusive | |||
| 1st person | toalus | foalus | mialus | |
| 2nd person | noalus | nialus | ||
| 3rd person |
masculine | oalus | ialus yoalus (archaic) | |
| feminine | moalus | |||
| neuter | ialus | |||
References
edit- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001), A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
- English non-lemma forms
- English noun forms
- Balinese lemmas
- Balinese adjectives
- ban:Grammar
- Estonian terms prefixed with ala-
- Estonian terms suffixed with -us
- Estonian lemmas
- Estonian nouns
- Estonian terms with usage examples
- et:Grammar
- et:Chemistry
- Estonian katus-type nominals
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms suffixed with -us (association)
- Finnish 2-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/ɑlus
- Rhymes:Finnish/ɑlus/2 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish nouns
- Finnish terms with collocations
- fi:Grammar
- Finnish dated terms
- Finnish vastaus-type nominals
- fi:Watercraft
- Iban lemmas
- Iban adjectives
- Ingrian terms suffixed with -us
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Ingrian/ɑlus
- Rhymes:Ingrian/ɑlus/2 syllables
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian nouns
- Ingrian terms with quotations
- Rhymes:Ingrian/ɑlusː
- Rhymes:Ingrian/ɑlusː/2 syllables
- Ingrian non-lemma forms
- Ingrian noun forms
- Javanese non-lemma forms
- Javanese romanizations
- Latin learned borrowings from Ancient Greek
- Latin terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Latin terms borrowed from Ancient Greek
- Latin 2-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin nouns
- Latin second declension nouns
- Latin feminine nouns in the second declension
- Latin feminine nouns
- la:Borage family plants
- Latvian terms inherited from Proto-Baltic
- Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic
- Latvian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latvian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latvian terms with audio pronunciation
- Latvian lemmas
- Latvian nouns
- Latvian masculine nouns
- Latvian terms with usage examples
- Latvian third declension nouns
- Latvian noun forms
- lv:Beer
- Lithuanian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Lithuanian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Lithuanian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Lithuanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Lithuanian 2-syllable words
- Lithuanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Lithuanian terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Lithuanian/ʊs
- Rhymes:Lithuanian/ʊs/2 syllables
- Lithuanian lemmas
- Lithuanian nouns
- Lithuanian masculine nouns
- lt:Alcoholic beverages
- lt:Beer
- Old Javanese terms prefixed with a-
- Old Javanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Old Javanese/lʊs
- Rhymes:Old Javanese/lʊs/2 syllables
- Old Javanese lemmas
- Old Javanese adjectives
- Ternate terms derived from Malay
- Ternate terms derived from Javanese
- Ternate terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ternate lemmas
- Ternate verbs
- Ternate stative verbs