abstrakt

Albanian

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin abstractus.

Pronunciation

• (Tosk) IPA^(key): [apsˈtɾakt]

Adjective

abstrákt (feminine abstrakte, masculine plural abstraktë, feminine plural abstrakte)

1. abstract

Related terms

• abstraksion

Further reading

• FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎^[2], 1980
• “abstrakt”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈapstrakt]

Noun

abstrakt m inan

1. abstract (an abridgement or summary)

Declension

Declension of abstrakt (hard masculine inanimate)

	singular	plural
nominative	abstrakt	abstrakty
genitive	abstraktu	abstraktů
dative	abstraktu	abstraktům
accusative	abstrakt	abstrakty
vocative	abstrakte	abstrakty
locative	abstraktu	abstraktech
instrumental	abstraktem	abstrakty

Related terms

• See trakt

• abstrahovat
• abstrakce
• abstraktní

Further reading

• “abstrakt”, in Kartotéka Novočeského lexikálního archivu (in Czech)
• “abstrakt”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2026

Danish

Etymology 1

From Latin abstractus, past participle of abstrahere (“draw away, withdraw”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /abstrakt/, [ɑpˈstχakt]

Noun

abstrakt n (singular definite abstraktet, plural indefinite abstrakter)

1. abstract (that which is abstract)
2. (linguistics) abstract noun

Inflection

Declension of abstrakt

neuter gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	abstrakt	abstraktet	abstrakter	abstrakterne
genitive	abstrakts	abstraktets	abstrakters	abstrakternes

Antonyms

• konkret n

Adjective

abstrakt (plural and definite singular attributive abstrakte)

1. abstract (apart from practice or reality, not concrete; free from representational qualities)

Inflection

Inflection of abstrakt

	positive	comparative	superlative
indefinite common singular	abstrakt	mere abstrakt	mest abstrakt2
indefinite neuter singular	abstrakt	mere abstrakt	mest abstrakt2
plural	abstrakte	mere abstrakt	mest abstrakt2
definite attributive1	abstrakte	mere abstrakt	mest abstrakte

¹ When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite,
the corresponding "indefinite" form is used.
² The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

Synonyms

• (free from representational qualities): nonfigurativ

Antonyms

• (antonym(s) of “apart from practice or reality, not concrete”): konkret
• (antonym(s) of “free from representational qualities”): naturalistisk

Adverb

abstrakt

1. abstractly, in the abstract

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English abstract.

Noun

abstrakt n

1. abstract (an abridgement or summary)

Further reading

• abstrakt on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^da
• “abstrakt” in Den Danske Ordbog

German

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin abstractus.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -akt

Adjective

abstrakt (strong nominative masculine singular abstrakter, comparative abstrakter, superlative am abstraktesten)

1. abstract

Declension

Positive forms of abstrakt

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist abstrakt	sie ist abstrakt	es ist abstrakt	sie sind abstrakt
strong declension (without article)	nominative	abstrakter	abstrakte	abstraktes	abstrakte
	genitive	abstrakten	abstrakter	abstrakten	abstrakter
	dative	abstraktem	abstrakter	abstraktem	abstrakten
	accusative	abstrakten	abstrakte	abstraktes	abstrakte
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der abstrakte	die abstrakte	das abstrakte	die abstrakten
	genitive	des abstrakten	der abstrakten	des abstrakten	der abstrakten
	dative	dem abstrakten	der abstrakten	dem abstrakten	den abstrakten
	accusative	den abstrakten	die abstrakte	das abstrakte	die abstrakten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein abstrakter	eine abstrakte	ein abstraktes	(keine) abstrakten
	genitive	eines abstrakten	einer abstrakten	eines abstrakten	(keiner) abstrakten
	dative	einem abstrakten	einer abstrakten	einem abstrakten	(keinen) abstrakten
	accusative	einen abstrakten	eine abstrakte	ein abstraktes	(keine) abstrakten

Comparative forms of abstrakt

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist abstrakter	sie ist abstrakter	es ist abstrakter	sie sind abstrakter
strong declension (without article)	nominative	abstrakterer	abstraktere	abstrakteres	abstraktere
	genitive	abstrakteren	abstrakterer	abstrakteren	abstrakterer
	dative	abstrakterem	abstrakterer	abstrakterem	abstrakteren
	accusative	abstrakteren	abstraktere	abstrakteres	abstraktere
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der abstraktere	die abstraktere	das abstraktere	die abstrakteren
	genitive	des abstrakteren	der abstrakteren	des abstrakteren	der abstrakteren
	dative	dem abstrakteren	der abstrakteren	dem abstrakteren	den abstrakteren
	accusative	den abstrakteren	die abstraktere	das abstraktere	die abstrakteren
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein abstrakterer	eine abstraktere	ein abstrakteres	(keine) abstrakteren
	genitive	eines abstrakteren	einer abstrakteren	eines abstrakteren	(keiner) abstrakteren
	dative	einem abstrakteren	einer abstrakteren	einem abstrakteren	(keinen) abstrakteren
	accusative	einen abstrakteren	eine abstraktere	ein abstrakteres	(keine) abstrakteren

Superlative forms of abstrakt

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist am abstraktesten	sie ist am abstraktesten	es ist am abstraktesten	sie sind am abstraktesten
strong declension (without article)	nominative	abstraktester	abstrakteste	abstraktestes	abstrakteste
	genitive	abstraktesten	abstraktester	abstraktesten	abstraktester
	dative	abstraktestem	abstraktester	abstraktestem	abstraktesten
	accusative	abstraktesten	abstrakteste	abstraktestes	abstrakteste
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der abstrakteste	die abstrakteste	das abstrakteste	die abstraktesten
	genitive	des abstraktesten	der abstraktesten	des abstraktesten	der abstraktesten
	dative	dem abstraktesten	der abstraktesten	dem abstraktesten	den abstraktesten
	accusative	den abstraktesten	die abstrakteste	das abstrakteste	die abstraktesten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein abstraktester	eine abstrakteste	ein abstraktestes	(keine) abstraktesten
	genitive	eines abstraktesten	einer abstraktesten	eines abstraktesten	(keiner) abstraktesten
	dative	einem abstraktesten	einer abstraktesten	einem abstraktesten	(keinen) abstraktesten
	accusative	einen abstraktesten	eine abstrakteste	ein abstraktestes	(keine) abstraktesten

Descendants

• → Hungarian: absztrakt
• → Slovene: abstrakten

Further reading

• “abstrakt” in Duden online
• “abstrakt”, in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache‎^[3] (in German)

Icelandic

Noun

abstrakt n (genitive singular abstrakts, nominative plural abströkt)

1. abstract

Declension

Declension of abstrakt (neuter)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	abstrakt	abstraktið	abströkt	abströktin
accusative	abstrakt	abstraktið	abströkt	abströktin
dative	abstrakti	abstraktinu	abströktum	abströktunum
genitive	abstrakts	abstraktsins	abstrakta	abstraktanna

Adjective

abstrakt (indeclinable)

1. abstract

Further reading

• “abstrakt” in the Dictionary of Modern Icelandic (in Icelandic) and ISLEX (in the Nordic languages)

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑpsˈtʀɑkt/

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

abstrakt (masculine abstrakten, neuter abstrakt, comparative méi abstrakt, superlative am abstraktesten)

1. abstract

Declension

Declension of abstrakt

		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		hien ass abstrakt	si ass abstrakt	et ass abstrakt	si si(nn) abstrakt
nominative / accusative	attributive and/or after determiner	abstrakten	abstrakt	abstrakt	abstrakt
	independent without determiner			abstraktes	abstrakter
dative	after any declined word	abstrakten	abstrakter	abstrakten	abstrakten
	as first declined word	abstraktem		abstraktem

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /abˈstrakt/, /apˈstrakt/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -akt
• Hyphenation: ab‧strakt

Etymology 1

From English abstract, from Middle English abstract (“abstract”), from Latin abstractus (“drawn away from, abstract”).

Noun

abstrakt n (definite singular abstraktet, indefinite plural abstrakt or abstrakter, definite plural abstrakta or abstraktene)

1. an abstract (an abridgement or summary of a longer publication)

   Synonyms: sammendrag, konsentrat, referat, oppsummering

   Kan du lese abstraktet til kapitlet høyt?

   Could you read out aloud the abstract to the chapter?

   • 1971, Teknisk Ukeblad, page 3:

     abstrakter fra tekniske tidsskrifter

     abstracts from technical journals

   • 2014 June 19, Dagens Medisin, page 34:

     han er en av mange norske leger og forskere som i år presenterte funn i form av abstrakter på kreftkongressen ASCO i Chicago

     he is one of many Norwegian doctors and researchers who this year presented findings in the form of abstracts at the ASCO Cancer Congress in Chicago

Etymology 2

From Latin abstractum.

Noun

abstrakt n (definite singular abstraktet, indefinite plural abstrakt or abstrakter, definite plural abstrakta or abstraktene)

1. abstract (phenomenon or concept that is thought or intangible)

   Antonym: konkret

   Kjærlighet er et abstrakt.

   Love is an abstract.

   Å tenke i abstrakter.

   To think in abstracts.

   • 1976, Ebba Haslund, Hver i sin verden, page 85:

     snakke seg bort fra det nære, konkrete og stige til værs i abstraktenes tynne luft

     talk away from the near, concrete and ascend into the thin air of the abstracts

   • 1989, Karin Gundersen, Roland Barthes, page 15:

     abstraktene … tildeles roller på Historiens scene

     the abstracts… are assigned roles on the Stage of History

   • 2000, Karin Sveen, Klassereise, page 16:

     et slikt abstrakt [«det moderne jeg»] kan neppe forventes å forholde seg til noe som helst, og i særdeleshet ikke til dette konkrete

     such an abstract ["the modern self"] can hardly be expected to relate to anything, and in particular not to this particular

   • 2012 November 19, Dagbladet, page 45:

     som essayist gransker [Ole Robert] Sunde detaljene i tilværelsen, enten det dreier seg om konkrete gjenstander eller abstrakter som for eksempel musikk

     as essayist examines [Ole Robert] Healthy details of life, whether they are concrete objects or abstracts such as music

2. (linguistics, grammar) an abstract noun

   Antonym: konkret

   Konkreter og abstrakter.

   Concrete nouns and abstract nouns.

   Skjønnhet, storhet, fred og løping er abstrakter.

   Beauty, greatness, peace and running are abstract nouns.

3. (music) a lever at organ bellows
   • 1978 September 2, A-magasinet, page 10:

     forbindelsen mellom tast og pipe … består [blant annet av] abstrakter [som er] trelister som overfører bevegelse i lengderetningen

     the connection between key and pipe… consists [among other things of] abstracts [which are] wooden strips that transmit movement in the longitudinal direction

Descendants

• Northern Sami: abstrákta

Etymology 3

From Latin abstractus (“drawn away, abstract”).

Adjective

abstrakt (indefinite singular abstrakt, definite singular and plural abstrakte, comparative mer abstrakt, superlative mest abstrakt)

1. abstract (which has been created by abstraction; which is without direct connection with reality)

   Antonym: konkret

   Ordet "dumhet" har en abstrakt betydning.

   The word "stupidity" has an abstract meaning.

   • 1949 December 31, Verdens Gang, page 9:

     sosialøkonomen Simiand kjempet mot den oppfatning at sosialøkonomien er en abstrakt vitenskap om forhold uavhengige av menneskelig vilje

     social economist Simiand fought against the notion that the social economy is an abstract science of conditions independent of human will

   • 2015 January 19, dagbladet.no:

     det følelsesmessige dominerer vår hukommelse, vi husker det som rører oss følelsesmessig og ikke den abstrakte kunnskapen

     the emotional dominates our memory, we remember what moves us emotionally and not the abstract knowledge

2. abstract (which to a large extent requires the ability to abstract; something which is hard to imagine)

   Matematikk er for abstrakt etter min smak.

   Mathematics is too abstract for my liking.

   • 2014 July 22, Vårt Land, page 8:

     [frigjøringsteologien] var opptatt av å tale de fattiges sak, men kampen kan ha blitt for abstrakt for mange vanlige folk

     [liberation theology] was concerned with speaking out on behalf of the poor, but the struggle may have become too abstract for many ordinary people

3. (rare) abstract, imaginary (not concrete: conceptual, ideal.)
   • 1921, Jonas Lie, Samlede Digterverker VIII, page 430:

     assuranceselskabet – banken – saadanne abstrakte personligheder uden blod i sig

     the insurance company - the bank - such abstract personalities without blood in them

4. (linguistics, grammar) abstract as a noun, denoting an intangible as opposed to an object, place, or person

   Antonym: konkret

   Substantivet «belysning» kan ha både abstrakt og konkret betydning.

   The noun lighting can have both abstract and concrete meaning.

   • 1984 November 1, VG, page 21:

     kort og konsist følger Johan Vogt opp kampen mot de abstrakte substantiver, ord som frihet, fred, demokrati, sosialisme, liberalisme, rettferd osv.

     Johan Vogt briefly and concisely follows up the struggle against the abstract nouns, words such as freedom, peace, democracy, socialism, liberalism, justice, etc.

   • 1995 April 30, Aftenposten, page 11:

     et overordentlig rikt, overmåte blomstrende sprog, full av abstrakte substantiver og poetiske verb

     an extraordinarily rich, exceedingly flourishing language, full of abstract nouns and poetic verbs

5. (art, dance, music) abstract (pertaining to the formal aspect of art, such as the lines, colors, shapes, and the relationships among them)

   abstrakt kunst ― abstract art

   • 2006, Lars Roar Langslet, Når fuglen letter, page 178:

     musikken er en underlig kunstart – helt abstrakt, og samtidig helt konkret

     music is a strange art - completely abstract, and at the same time very concrete

   • 1964, Lorentz Eckhoff, En verden, page 98:

     kunsten, alle kunstarter, beveget seg henimot det abstrakte; maleri og skulptur var kjed av menneskekroppen

     art, all art forms, moved towards the abstract; painting and sculpture were bored of the human body

   • 2014 July 5, Helgeland Arbeiderblad, page 28:

     det ville være bedre med en retrospektiv utstilling, for å sette den abstrakte kunsten i perspektiv

     it would be better with a retrospective exhibition, to put the abstract art in perspective

   • 2015 January 15, Adresseavisen, page 9:

     i hans nye utstilling «Ship of Fools» vises nyproduserte figurative og abstrakte malerier av ulike fartøyer, hovedsakelig skip og fly

     his new exhibition «Ship of Fools» shows newly produced figurative and abstract paintings of various vessels, mainly ships and aircraft

Related terms

• abstraksjon (“abstraction”)
• abstrahere (“abstract”)

References

• “abstrakt” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “abstrakt_1” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
• “abstrakt_2” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
• “abstrakt_3” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
• “abstrakt” in Store norske leksikon

Anagrams

• skattbar

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From the identical adjective, the definition is influenced by English abstract.

Noun

abstrakt n (definite singular abstraktet, indefinite plural abstrakt, definite plural abstrakta)

1. abstract

   Kjærleik er eit abstrakt.

   Love is an abstract.

   Kan du lese abstraktet til kapitlet høgt?

   Could you read out aloud the abstract to the chapter?

Synonyms

• sammendrag

Etymology 2

From Latin abstractus, perfect participle of abstrahere, "to subtract", from ab(s)-, "away", + trahere, "to draw".

Adjective

abstrakt (indefinite singular abstrakt, definite singular and plural abstrakte, comparative meir abstrakt, superlative mest abstrakt)

1. abstract

   Matematikk er for abstrakt etter smaken min.

   Mathematics is too abstract for my liking.

   Ordet "dumskap" har ein abstrakt tyding.

   The word "stupidity" has an abstract meaning.

Synonyms

• almenn
• absolutt
• teoretisk

References

• “abstrakt” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Polish

Etymology

Borrowed from English abstract, from Middle English abstract, from Latin abstractus. First attested in 1816.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈap.strakt/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -apstrakt
• Syllabification: ab‧strakt

Noun

abstrakt m inan

1. abstraction (separation from reality)

   Synonym: abstrakcja

   czysty abstrakt ― pure abstraction

   zupełny abstrakt ― complete abstraction

   warstwa abstraktu ― layer of abstraction

   sfera abstraktu ― sphere of abstraction

   definicja abstraktu ― definition of abstraction

   pojęcie abstraktu ― idea of abstraction

   emocja abstraktu ― emotion of abstraction

   obraz abstraktu ― image of abstraction

2. (sciences) abstract, abstraction (abridgement or summary of a longer publication)

   abstrakt matematyczny ― mathematical abstract

   tworzenie abstraktu ― creation of an abstract

   słowa abstraktu ― words of an abstractu

   abstrakty prac ― abstracts of works

Declension

Declension of abstrakt

	singular	plural
nominative	abstrakt	abstrakty
genitive	abstraktu	abstraktów
dative	abstraktowi	abstraktom
accusative	abstrakt	abstrakty
instrumental	abstraktem	abstraktami
locative	abstrakcie	abstraktach
vocative	abstrakcie	abstrakty

Derived terms

adjective

• abstraktowy

Related terms

adjectives

• abstrakcjonistyczny
• abstrakcyjny
• antyabstrakcyjny

adverbs

• abstrakcjonistycznie
• abstrakcyjnie

nouns

• abstrakcja
• abstrakcjonista
• abstrakcjonistka
• abstrakcjonizm
• abstrakcyjność
• abstraktyzacja

verbs

• abstrahować impf, wyabstrahować pf

Further reading

• “abstrakt”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[4] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “abstrakt”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[5] (in Polish)
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “abstrakt”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “abstrakt”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 4
• abstrakt in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

Swedish

Etymology

From Latin abstractus.

Adjective

abstrakt

1. abstract, i.e. not concrete

Declension

Inflection of abstrakt

Indefinite	positive	comparative	superlative1
common singular	abstrakt	abstraktare	abstraktast
neuter singular	abstrakt	abstraktare	abstraktast
plural	abstrakta	abstraktare	abstraktast
masculine plural2	abstrakte	abstraktare	abstraktast
Definite	positive	comparative	superlative
masculine singular3	abstrakte	abstraktare	abstraktaste
all	abstrakta	abstraktare	abstraktaste

¹ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
² Dated or archaic.
³ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

Synonyms

• allmän
• tänkt

Related terms

• abstrahera
• abstrahering
• abstraktion

Descendants

• → Finnish: abstrakti

Noun

abstrakt n or c

1. an abstract noun n
2. an actuator in the mechanism of a pipe organ, a wooden or metal bar between the key and the pipe valve c
3. an abstract, a summary of a scholarly paper n or c

Declension

Declension of abstrakt

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	abstrakt	abstrakts
	definite	abstraktet	abstraktets
plural	indefinite	abstrakter	abstrakters
	definite	abstrakterna	abstrakternas

Declension of abstrakt

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	abstrakt	abstrakts
	definite	abstrakten	abstraktens
plural	indefinite	abstrakter	abstrakters
	definite	abstrakterna	abstrakternas

Declension of abstrakt

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	abstrakt	abstrakts
	definite	abstraktet	abstraktets
plural	indefinite	abstrakt	abstrakts
	definite	abstrakten	abstraktens

Synonyms

summary

• abstract

References

• “abstrakt”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “abstrakt”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• “abstrakt”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)