-ula

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ula"

Translingual

Etymology

From Latin -ula. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *-ilaz, whence no longer productive English -le (as in dimple and nozzle), Dutch -el, German -el.

Suffix

-ula

1. Used to form taxonomic names, usually of genera; small-.

Derived terms

Translingual terms suffixed with -ula

Avocettula

Crassula

Pyrenula

Roridula

Serpula

Sternula

Tarentula

Vespula

• See -ula at Wikispecies.

English

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-lós

Proto-Indo-European *-elós

Proto-Italic *-elos

Latin -ulus

Latin -ulabor.

English -ula

Borrowed from Latin -ula. Doublet of -ule.

Suffix

-ula

1. Forming diminutive nouns.

   ‎marimba + ‎-ula → ‎marimbula

   ‎ameba + ‎-ula → ‎amebula

Usage notes

• The suffix is not very productive in English and most common in words directly borrowed from Latin.

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -ula

alula

amebula

ancestrula

buccula

clavula

fissula ante fenestram

lunula

retinula

rosula

vesicula

Chichewa

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-ʊda. Cognate with Swahili -ua/-oa and Rwanda-Rundi -ūra/-ōra.

Suffix

-ula

1. Conversive suffix indicating that the action the verb is based on is undone.

References

• Steven Paas (2016), Oxford Chichewa-English/English - Chichewa Dictionary‎^[1], Oxford University Press, page 552

Czech

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Unproductive suffix in Czech. Compare Russian -у́ля (-úlja) and Polish -ula.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ ula]

Suffix

-ula f

1. forms feminine nouns, usually endearing

   ‎papať + ‎-ula → ‎papula

   ‎šikovný + ‎-ula → ‎šikula

Declension

Declension of -ula (hard feminine)

	singular	plural
nominative	-ula	-uly
genitive	-uly	-ul
dative	-ule	-ulám
accusative	-ulu	-uly
vocative	-ulo	-uly
locative	-ule	-ulách
instrumental	-ulou	-ulami

Further reading

• -ula in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Finnish

Etymology

-u +‎ -la

Suffix

-ula (front vowel harmony variant -ylä, linguistic notation -UlA)

1. Forms diminutive nouns.

Usage notes

• The suffix is productive. See, for instance, vempula.

Declension

Inflection of -ula (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)
nominative		-ula	-ulat
genitive		-ulan	-uloiden -uloitten
partitive		-ulaa	-uloita
illative		-ulaan	-uloihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-ula	-ulat
accusative	nom.	-ula	-ulat
	gen.	-ulan
genitive		-ulan	-uloiden -uloitten -ulain rare
partitive		-ulaa	-uloita
inessive		-ulassa	-uloissa
elative		-ulasta	-uloista
illative		-ulaan	-uloihin
adessive		-ulalla	-uloilla
ablative		-ulalta	-uloilta
allative		-ulalle	-uloille
essive		-ulana	-uloina
translative		-ulaksi	-uloiksi
abessive		-ulatta	-uloitta
instructive		—	-uloin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -ula (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -ulani -ulani accusative nom. -ulani -ulani gen. -ulani genitive -ulani -uloideni -uloitteni -ulaini rare partitive -ulaani -uloitani inessive -ulassani -uloissani elative -ulastani -uloistani illative -ulaani -uloihini adessive -ulallani -uloillani ablative -ulaltani -uloiltani allative -ulalleni -uloilleni essive -ulanani -uloinani translative -ulakseni -uloikseni abessive -ulattani -uloittani instructive — — comitative — -uloineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -ulasi -ulasi accusative nom. -ulasi -ulasi gen. -ulasi genitive -ulasi -uloidesi -uloittesi -ulaisi rare partitive -ulaasi -uloitasi inessive -ulassasi -uloissasi elative -ulastasi -uloistasi illative -ulaasi -uloihisi adessive -ulallasi -uloillasi ablative -ulaltasi -uloiltasi allative -ulallesi -uloillesi essive -ulanasi -uloinasi translative -ulaksesi -uloiksesi abessive -ulattasi -uloittasi instructive — — comitative — -uloinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -ulamme -ulamme accusative nom. -ulamme -ulamme gen. -ulamme genitive -ulamme -uloidemme -uloittemme -ulaimme rare partitive -ulaamme -uloitamme inessive -ulassamme -uloissamme elative -ulastamme -uloistamme illative -ulaamme -uloihimme adessive -ulallamme -uloillamme ablative -ulaltamme -uloiltamme allative -ulallemme -uloillemme essive -ulanamme -uloinamme translative -ulaksemme -uloiksemme abessive -ulattamme -uloittamme instructive — — comitative — -uloinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -ulanne -ulanne accusative nom. -ulanne -ulanne gen. -ulanne genitive -ulanne -uloidenne -uloittenne -ulainne rare partitive -ulaanne -uloitanne inessive -ulassanne -uloissanne elative -ulastanne -uloistanne illative -ulaanne -uloihinne adessive -ulallanne -uloillanne ablative -ulaltanne -uloiltanne allative -ulallenne -uloillenne essive -ulananne -uloinanne translative -ulaksenne -uloiksenne abessive -ulattanne -uloittanne instructive — — comitative — -uloinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -ulansa -ulansa accusative nom. -ulansa -ulansa gen. -ulansa genitive -ulansa -uloidensa -uloittensa -ulainsa rare partitive -ulaansa -uloitaan -uloitansa inessive -ulassaan -ulassansa -uloissaan -uloissansa elative -ulastaan -ulastansa -uloistaan -uloistansa illative -ulaansa -uloihinsa adessive -ulallaan -ulallansa -uloillaan -uloillansa ablative -ulaltaan -ulaltansa -uloiltaan -uloiltansa allative -ulalleen -ulallensa -uloilleen -uloillensa essive -ulanaan -ulanansa -uloinaan -uloinansa translative -ulakseen -ulaksensa -uloikseen -uloiksensa abessive -ulattaan -ulattansa -uloittaan -uloittansa instructive — — comitative — -uloineen -uloinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -ula

härkylä

mokkula

nappula

pahkula

pitkulainen

puikula

pyörylä

pähkylä

rakkula

rempula

rimpula

suikula

tähkylä

vempula

Latin

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr

Proto-Indo-European *-trom

Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom

Latin -ula

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom, *-dʰlom, suffix forming instrumental nouns, with simplification of the suffix-initial stop when it came after another stop. However, the details of the development are debated.

The words rēgula and tēgula are notable in showing a lengthened vowel relative to the base verbs regō and tegō. Sihler reconstructs *-dʰl- in rēgula and tēgula; in contrast, Nielsen reconstructs *-tl-, suggesting that the lengthened vowels are the result of Lachmann's law before a sequence of originally voiced + voiceless stop (as in the participles rēctus and tēctus). As this would be expected to result in forms with voiceless stops (*rēcula and *tēcula), Nielsen proposes that either the voiced stop /ɡ/ was reintroduced by analogy, or a phonetic change caused /k/ to be voiced when preceded by a long vowel and followed by /l/ across a morpheme boundary (*rēk-la, *tēk-la > *rēg-la, *tēg-la); this is supported by two additional proposed etymologies, *strāto-lo- > *strāk-lo- > *strāg-lo- > strāgulum and *trājak-kla > *trāk-la > *trāg-la > trāgula. Voicing of a stop before /l/ in a heterosyllabic cluster might also be seen in neglego, and is argued by Sen to have occurred in pūblicus; in contrast, a voiceless stop can be found after a morpheme boundary in instrument nouns in -culum such as pōculum).

Alternatively, related to the suffix -ulus used to form some deverbal agent nouns such as gerulus, gerula. Compare Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (and variants), forming agent and instrument nouns.

Compare instrument nouns in -ulum.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ʊ.ɫa]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [u.la] (stressed on the antepenult)

Suffix

-ula f (genitive -ulae); first declension

1. Noun suffix denoting instrument.

   ‎regō + ‎-ula → ‎rēgula

   ‎tegō + ‎-ula → ‎tēgula

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	-ula	-ulae
genitive	-ulae	-ulārum
dative	-ulae	-ulīs
accusative	-ulam	-ulās
ablative	-ulā	-ulīs
vocative	-ula	-ulae

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -ula

Arulidae

copula

decipula

dominula

offula

radula

secula

tegula

tragula

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• -ula:
  • (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ʊ.ɫa]
  • (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [u.la]
• -ulā:
  • (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ʊ.ɫaː]
  • (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [u.la]

Suffix

-ula

1. inflection of -ulus:
   1. nominative/vocative feminine singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

Suffix

-ulā

1. ablative feminine singular of -ulus

References

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-uľa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈu.la/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ula
• Syllabification: -u‧la

Suffix

-ula f

1. forms feminine nouns, usually endearing

   ‎baba + ‎-ula → ‎babula

Declension

Declension of -ula

	singular	plural
nominative	-ula	-ule
genitive	-uli	-ul
dative	-uli	-ulom
accusative	-ulę	-ule
instrumental	-ulą	-ulami
locative	-uli	-ulach
vocative	-ulo	-ule

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ula

babcula

babrula

babula

bazgrula

bącula

beblula

bejdula

beksula

bekula

biedrula

biedula

bocula

bojcula

brzydula

chlaptula

chlastula

chorkula

chytrula

ciamkula

ciaptula

cisula

cykula

czarnula

dryndula

drzystula

dyrdula

dziewula

garbula

granula

krasula

krowula

mamula

matula

ojczula

siwula

smarkula

szargula

tatulo

trzebula

wdowula

Further reading

• “-ula”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[2] (in Polish)