-mu

See also: Appendix:Variations of "mu"

Estonian

Etymology

Etymology unclear. Originally dialectal, revitalised by Estonian terminologist and lexicographer Johannes Voldemar Veski. Possibly from Proto-Finnic *-ma + Proto-Finnic *-o. Compare Finnish -mo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈ-mu/

Suffix

-mu (genitive -mu, partitive -mut)

1. Forms nouns indicating a place.

   ‎valama (“to pour”) + ‎-mu → ‎valamu (“sink, basin”)

   ‎vara (“asset”) + ‎-mu → ‎varamu (“collection of assets with a high value”)

   ‎püha (“sacred, holy, saint”) + ‎-mu → ‎pühamu (“sanctuary”)

   ‎era- (“private”) + ‎-mu → ‎eramu (“private house”)

Declension

Declension of -mu (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-mu	-mud
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-mu
genitive			-mute
partitive		-mut	-muid
illative		-musse	-mutesse -muisse
inessive		-mus	-mutes -muis
elative		-must	-mutest -muist
allative		-mule	-mutele -muile
adessive		-mul	-mutel -muil
ablative		-mult	-mutelt -muilt
translative		-muks	-muteks -muiks
terminative		-muni	-muteni
essive		-muna	-mutena
abessive		-muta	-muteta
comitative		-muga	-mutega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -mu

elamu

eramu

pühamu

valamu

varamu

Indonesian

Alternative forms

• -moe (1901–1947)

Etymology

From Malay -mu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mu, from Proto-Austronesian *mu. Compare Tagalog mo.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈmu/ [ˈmu]
• Rhymes: -u
• Syllabification: -mu

Suffix

-mu

1. (casual or informal, usually singular) second person oblique enclitic pronoun
   1. as a possessive adjective

      temanmu ― your friend

   2. as a direct or indirect object

      mereka sedang mencarimu ― they're looking for you

      ayah akan memberimu uang ― Father will give you money

   3. as an object of a preposition, with the exception for di, ke, and dalam

      hadiah ini untukmu ― this gift is for you

Usage notes

As with other clitic pronouns in the language, this clitic is optional.

See also

Indonesian personal pronouns

		singular	plural
1st person exclusive	regular	aku, saya1	kami
	enclitic	-ku	-
	proclitic	ku-	-
1st person inclusive		-	kita
2nd person	regular	kamu, Anda2, kau3	kalian, Anda2, Anda sekalian2, Anda semua2
	enclitic	-mu	-
3rd person	regular	dia, beliau4, ia3	mereka
	enclitic	-nya	-
reflexive		diri5, diri sendiri
emphatic		sendiri

¹ Polite.
² Formal.
³ Now mostly literary.
⁴ Respectful.

⁵ Sometimes used as an emphatic marker instead of being reflexive.

Notes:

• This table only shows personal pronouns that are commonly used in the standard language.
• The second person pronouns are often replaced by kinship terms, titles, or the like.
• The enclitics are only used obliquely (object or possessor), while the proclitic is only used as a subject.

See each entry for more information.

Further reading

• “-mu”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Japanese

Romanization

-mu

1. Rōmaji transcription of む

Kambera

Pronoun

-mu

1. second person singular genitive enclitic

See also

Kambera pronominal clitics

			nominative	genitive	accusative	dative
singular	first person		ku-	-nggu	-ka	-ngga
	second person		mu- (u-)	-mu	-kau	-nggau
	third person		na-	-na	-ya	-nya
plural	first person	inclusive	ta-	-nda	-ta	-nda
		exclusive	ma-	-ma	-kama	-nggama
	second person		mi- (i-)	-mi	-kami (-kai)	-nggami (-nggai)
	third person		da-	-da	-ha	-nja

Laboya

Pronoun

-mu

1. second person singular subject enclitic
2. second person singular possessive enclitic

See also

Laboya pronominal clitics

		subject	subject/ possessive	object
singular	1st person	gu-	-gu	-ga
	2nd person	mu-	-mu	-gu
	3rd person	na-	-na	-ni
plural	1st person inclusive	da-	-da	-da
	1st person exclusive	ma-	-ma	-gama
	2nd person	mi-	-mi	-gimi
	3rd person	ɗa-	-ɗa	-di

Malay

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mu, from Proto-Austronesian *mu. Compare Tagalog mo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mu/ [mu]

  • Audio (Malaysia):

    (file)

• Rhymes: -mu, -u
• Hyphenation: -mu

Suffix

-mu (Jawi spelling ـمو)

1. (poetic) Second person possessive; your.

   penselmu ― your pencil

2. (poetic) Second person object form; you.

   denganmu ― with you

   pukulmu ― to hit you

See also

Malay personal pronouns

	Singular	Plural
1st person	saya1 aku3	kita4 kami2 & 5 kita orang3 & 5
2nd person	awak1 anda2 awda8 (eng)kau3 kamu3	(2nd person) + semua6 kalian2 (eng)kau orang3
3rd person	dia ia beliau7 -nya2	mereka2 dia orang3

¹ Polite.
² Formal.
³ Informal.
⁴ Includes the listener (inclusive).
⁵ Excludes the listener (exclusive).
⁶ Formality depends on the second person pronoun used.
⁷ Honorific.
⁸ Formal (Brunei).

Notes:

• This table mostly only shows personal pronouns that are commonly used in the standard language and within the Klang Valley area.
• The second person pronouns are often replaced by kinship terms, titles, or the like.
• The enclitic -nya is only used obliquely (as an object or possessor).
• The second person pronoun kamu is usually only used when speaking with younger speakers.

See each entry for more information.

Further reading

• "mu" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017

Northern Ohlone

Suffix

-mu

1. (Marks comitative case of nouns), with, alongside, in the company of
   • 1921, María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, John Peabody Harrington, Chochenyo Field Notes, →DOI:

     Hippiš wattinekne nuhhu i-šuyakmamu

     He only went there with his relatives

2. (Marks personal locative in pronouns, takes place of -tak which is only used for nouns), with, alongside, toward (someone)
   • 1921, María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, John Peabody Harrington, Chochenyo Field Notes, →DOI:

     hajji nommo kaanamu

     come here with me

Quechua

Suffix

-mu

1. cislocative, translocative.

   apay (“to carry”) → apamuy (“to bring; to take”)

   tiyay (“to sit”) → tiyamuy (“to come sit; to go sit”)

Uneapa

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *-mu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-mu, from Proto-Austronesian *-amu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-mi/

Suffix

-mu

1. A second-person plural possessive suffix.

Further reading

• Terry Crowley et al, The Oceanic Languages (2013), page 365