-at

See also: Appendix:Variations of "at"

Languages (20)

Albanian • Catalan • Czech • Danish • French • German • Hungarian • Latin • Malay • Maltese • Northern Sami • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Norse • Palula • Polish • Romanian • Serbo-Croatian • Turkish • Volapük

Page categories

Albanian

Etymology

Seen in toponyms such as Qesarat, Kastrat, Dukat, Progonat Bushat.^[1] The [-t] as [-s] as both from similar Proto-Albanian *tāi and Proto-Albanian *tjā. Toponym is considered a preservation of Illyrian *-atāi, attested in [Labeatai], [Docleatae], [Autoriatae], [Delmatae].^[2] See -të

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /at/

Suffix

-at m

used to form toponyms. -ian

References

^ Dhrimo, Ali. Për Shqipen dhe shqiptarët. 2008
^ Kulla, Ariola (2010), The Albanian Linguistic Journey from Ancient Illyricum to EU: Lexical Borrowings‎^[1], Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, page 21

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ātus.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈat]

Suffix

-at (past participle-forming suffix, feminine -ata, masculine plural -ats, feminine plural -ates)

forms the masculine singular past participle of verbs whose infinitives end in -ar
‎parlar (“to speak”) + ‎-at → ‎parlat (“spoken”)

Suffix

-at (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ata, masculine plural -ats, feminine plural -ates)

forms adjectives, from nouns, meaning “which contains the suffixed noun”
‎piga (“freckle”) + ‎-at → ‎pigat (“freckled”)

Suffix

-at m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ats)

forms nouns, from the names of types of professionals, meaning the position of being that type of professional; -dom
‎almirall (“admiral”) + ‎-at → ‎almirallat (“admiralty”)

Derived terms

Catalan terms suffixed with -at

Czech

Alternative forms

-ět, -et (after soft consonants)

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech -ati, from Proto-Slavic *-ati.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ at]

Suffix

-at

a common ending for many infinitive verbs
‎dílo + ‎-at → ‎dělat
forms imperfective verbs
Synonym: -ovat

‎pobýt + ‎-at → ‎pobývat

‎ušít + ‎-at → ‎ušívat

‎umýt + ‎-at → ‎umývat

‎začít + ‎-at → ‎začínat

‎najmout + ‎-at → ‎najímat

‎vybrat + ‎-at → ‎vybírat

‎poslat + ‎-at → ‎posílat

‎odřít + ‎-at → ‎odírat

‎nazvat + ‎-at → ‎nazývat

‎skočit + ‎-at → ‎skákat
forms iterative verbs
Synonym: -ovat

‎být + ‎-at → ‎bývat

‎jmout + ‎-at → ‎jímat

Derived terms

Danish

Etymology

From Latin -ātus.

Suffix

-at n

used to form nouns

Derived terms

Danish terms suffixed with -at

References

“-at” in Den Danske Ordbog

French

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/
Audio (France (Somain)): (file)

Etymology 1

Derived from Latin -ātus, -ātūs, whence also English -ate. See etymology at -ate for more.

Suffix

-at m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ats)

forms nouns denoting a rank or office
directorat (“directorate”)
forms nouns denoting the concrete charge, context of a rank or office
forms nouns denoting a group of officials associated with a rank or office
forms nouns denoting a social or political system ruled by people or someone of a certain rank or office
forms nouns denoting a state (government) ruled by people or someone of a certain rank or office
forms nouns denoting a state associated with one's social situation
‎anonyme (“anonym”) + ‎-at → ‎anonymat (“anonymity”)
forms nouns denoting a place where people in a certain state are found
‎orphelin (“orphan”) + ‎-at → ‎orphelinat (“orphanage”)
-ship, -hood
‎assistant (“assistant”) + ‎-at → ‎assistanat (“assistantship”)

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Derived from Latin -ātus, -ātī, whence also English -ate, -ee, and the inherited French doublet -é.^[1] See etymology at -ate for more.

Suffix

-at m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ats)

(rare) forms nouns meaning "person or thing that is the object of a performed verb"
avocat (“an advocate, lawyer”)

prédicat (“a predicate”)

References

^ é-; in: Jacqueline Picoche, Jean-Claude Rolland, Dictionnaire étymologique du français, Paris 2009, Dictionnaires Le Robert

German

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin -ātum, whence also English -ate.

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)
Audio (Germany (Berlin)): (file)

Suffix

-at n

-ate

Derived terms

German terms suffixed with -at

Descendants

→ Russian: -ат (-at)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic script: -ат
- Latin script: -at
→ Ukrainian: -ат (-at)

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɒt]
Rhymes: -ɒt

Etymology 1

From -a- (linking vowel) +‎ -t (causative suffix).

Suffix

-at

(causative suffix) Added to a back-vowel verb (or extremely rarely to a noun) to form a verb with a meaning of let or make somebody do something.
Synonyms: -tat/-tet, -aszt/-eszt/-öszt, -jt/-ajt/-ejt, -ít, -dít, (obsolete in this sense) -t

‎zár (“to close”) + ‎-at → ‎zárat (“to make someone close something or to have something closed”)

Usage notes

(causative suffix) Variants:
-at is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant + t and most monosyllabic words
‎vár (“to wait”) + ‎-at → ‎várat (“to have someone wait”)

-et is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant + t and most monosyllabic words
‎kér (“to ask for”) + ‎-et → ‎kéret (“to have someone ask(ed) for; to summon someone [by ordering a servant to fetch him/her]”)

-tat is added to back-vowel words ending in a vowel + t
‎tisztít (“to clean”) + ‎-tat → ‎tisztíttat (“to have someone clean or to have something cleaned”)

-tet is added to front-vowel words ending in a vowel + t
‎keres (“to look for”) + ‎-tet → ‎kerestet (“to have someone look(ed) for”)

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From -a- (linking vowel) +‎ -t (noun-forming suffix).

Suffix

-at

(noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun, expressing the result of the action or sometimes a more abstract relation (compare -ás/-és).
Synonym: -mány/-mény

Usage notes

(noun-forming suffix) Variants:
-at is added to back-vowel verbs
‎gondol (“to think”) + ‎-at → ‎gondolat (“a thought, an idea”)

‎mond (“to say”) + ‎-at → ‎mondat (“sentence”)

-et is added to front-vowel verbs
‎dicsér (“to praise”) + ‎-et → ‎dicséret (“praise, commendation”)

‎él (“to live”) + ‎-et → ‎élet (“life”)

‎ítél (“to judge”) + ‎-et → ‎ítélet (“judgment”)

‎mér (“to measure”) + ‎-et → ‎méret (“measurement, size”)

Derived terms

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -at

Other terms

sarkalatos

Etymology 3

From -a- (linking vowel) +‎ -t (accusative suffix).

Suffix

-at (accusative case suffix)

Forms the accusative case for a certain group of back-vowel nouns and numerals, back-vowel past participles, most back-vowel adjectives, and all back-vowel forms following any other inflectional suffix(es).
ház (“house”) → Vettem egy házat. ― I bought a house.

okos (“smart, clever”) → okosat (“smart, clever [acc.]”)

hány? (“how many”) → hányat? (“how many [acc.]”)

három (“three”) → hármat (“three [acc.]”)

ablakok (“windows”) → ablakokat (“windows [acc.]”)

asztalom (“my desk/table”) → asztalomat (“my desk/table [acc.]”)

nagyobb (“bigger”) → nagyobbat (“a/the bigger one [acc.]”)

nyitott (“opened”) → nyitottat (“the opened one [acc.]”)

Usage notes

(accusative case suffix): It can be added to nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. Whether a suffix-initial vowel (linking vowel) will be used is hard to predict and thus needs to be learned with each word. A rule of thumb, however, is that older and shorter words tend to incorporate a vowel, rather than simply use -t. Variants:
-t is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final -o in foreign words changes to -ó-.

-ot is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-at is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-et is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

-öt is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

-∅ (zero form), optionally, after possessive suffixes, especially in the singular but sometimes also in the plural (and not infrequently after multiple-possession forms as well), except for the third-person singular (“his/her/its”, -ja/-je) as its omission would not reduce the number of syllables.
Elviszem a kabátom(at/∅), kabátod(at/∅); kabátunk(at/∅), kabátotok(at/∅), kabátjuk(at/∅); kabátjaim(at/∅) etc.
I’ll take my coat, your coat; our coat, [plural] your coat, their coat; my coats etc.

It is also omitted usually from the accusative forms of first- and second-person singular personal pronouns (engem, téged (“me, you”)).

Hungarian case suffixes
case	back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú	front vowel
case	back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú	unrounded e, é, i, í	rounded ö, ő, ü, ű
nominative	—
accusative	-t
accusative	-ot / -at	-et	-öt
dative	-nak	-nek
instrumental	-val	-vel
causal-final	-ért
translative	-vá	-vé
terminative	-ig
essive-formal	-ként¹
essive-modal	-ul	-ül
inessive	-ban	-ben
superessive	-n
superessive	-on	-en	-ön
adessive	-nál	-nél
illative	-ba	-be
sublative	-ra	-re
allative	-hoz	-hez	-höz
elative	-ból	-ből
delative	-ról	-ről
ablative	-tól	-től

¹ Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except before -ként.
alma — almában, but almaként
zene ― zenében, but zeneként

Etymology 4

From -atik (passive-forming suffix), removing the ending.

Suffix

-at

combining form of -atik (passive-forming suffix) before all inflectional and derivational suffixes, except the dictionary form itself, the indefinite third-person singular present indicative
elnyomatik (“to be suppressed”) → elnyomatás (“suppression”, being suppressed).

Usage notes

(combining forms of the passive-forming suffix) Variants: -at-, -et-, -tat-, -tet- (from -atik, -etik, -tatik, -tetik), as well as the tautological (doubly suffixed) forms -attat-, -ettet- (from -attatik, -ettetik). See more in the template of the full forms of this suffix.

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *-āt, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈat]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈat]

Suffix

-at

third-person singular present active indicative of -ō (first conjugation)

Descendants

Old Galician-Portuguese: -a
- Galician: -a
- Portuguese: -a
Spanish: -a

Suffix

-āt

(poetic, syncopated, rare) third-person singular perfect active indicative of -ō (first conjugation; verbs with the perfect infix -av-)

Descendants

Gallo-Romance:
- Old French: -a
  - French: -a

Malay

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ات.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [-at]
Hyphenation: -at

Suffix

-at

Suffix used to derive the plural and feminine form of certain nouns derived from Arabic.
‎Muslim (“a Muslim”) + ‎-at → ‎Muslimat (“feminine plural of Muslim”)

Usage notes

This suffix is unproductive.

Derived terms

Malay terms suffixed with -at

Muslimat

Maltese

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /aːt/

Suffix

-at

alternative form of -iet (noun plural suffix)

Usage notes

Regularly used after għ. Otherwise only in exceptional forms, though somewhat commonly after ħ and q.

Northern Sami

Pronunciation

(Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈ-ah(t)/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Samic *-ëŋkë.

Suffix

-at

Forms adjectives indicating something that is possessed as a characteristic.
‎guhkes juolgi (“long leg”) + ‎-at → ‎guhkesjuolggat (“long-legged”)

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Inflection

Odd, no gradation
Attributive	-at
Nominative	-at
Genitive	-aga
Attributive	-at
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-at	-agat
Accusative	-aga	-agiid
Genitive	-aga	-agiid
Illative	-agii	-agiidda
Locative	-agis	-agiin
Comitative	-agiin	-agiiguin
Essive	-agin

Derived terms

Northern Sami terms suffixed with -at (characteristic)

alladávttat

guhkesjuolggat

Etymology 2

From Proto-Samic *-ëtē, from Proto-Uralic *-eta. Related to Finnish -ea/-eä.

Suffix

-at

Forms adjectives from stems, without any particular meaning. Often, the more basic stem is an adverb, the adjective's own attributive form, or has fallen out of use altogether.

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Inflection

Odd, no gradation
Attributive	—
Nominative	-at
Genitive	-ada
Attributive	—
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-at	-adat
Accusative	-ada	-adiid
Genitive	-ada	-adiid
Illative	-adii	-adiidda
Locative	-adis	-adiin
Comitative	-adiin	-adiiguin
Essive	-adin

Derived terms

Northern Sami terms suffixed with -at (adjective)

Etymology 3

Suffix

-at

Form of the suffix -a used with odd-syllable stems.

Inflection

Even a-stem, hk-g gradation

Nominative

-at

Genitive

-aga

Singular

Plural

Nominative

-at

Accusative

Genitive

Illative

Locative

Comitative

Essive

Possessive forms
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st person	-ahkan	-ahkame	-ahkamet
2nd person	-ahkat	-ahkade	-ahkadet
3rd person	-ahkas	-ahkaska	-ahkaset

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Latin -ātus.

Suffix

-at n

used to form nouns

Derived terms

Norwegian Bokmål terms suffixed with -at

References

“-at” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
“-at” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Latin -atus.

Suffix

-at n

used to form nouns

Derived terms

Norwegian Nynorsk terms suffixed with -at

References

“-at” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old Norse

Alternative forms

-a, -t (after vowels)

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *aiwwihtiz, whence Old English āwiht (“anything, something; at all”). The prototype of ek veit-at 'I don't know' would then be Proto-Norse *ek ne wait aiwwihti 'I know not at all', after which *aiwwihti was reduced to -at and ne eventually dropped in a process identical to the origin of French pas (“not”). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-at

negative verbal suffix; does not
Synonyms: eigi, né

hann veitat
he knows not

Derived terms

Old Norse terms suffixed with -at

sékat

vildit

Palula

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-at/

Suffix

-at

Second person plural suffix

Alternative forms

-íit (With e-ending verb stems)
-óot (With a-ending verb stems)
-et (Biori)
-éet (With e-ending verb stems in Biori)
-áat (With a-ending verb stems in Biori)

References

Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “-at”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[2], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-tós

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos

Proto-Italic *-ātos

Latin -ātusder.

Polish -at

Derived from Latin -ātus.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /at/
Rhymes: -at
Syllabification: -at

Suffix

-at m

forms masculine nouns; -ate, -age
‎anonim + ‎-at → ‎anonimat

Declension

Inanimate declension:

Declension of -at

	singular	plural
nominative	-at	-aty
genitive	-atu	-atów
dative	-atowi	-atom
accusative	-at	-aty
instrumental	-atem	-atami
locative	-acie	-atach
vocative	-acie	-aty

Animate declension:

Declension of -at

	singular	plural
nominative	-at	-aci/-aty (deprecative)
genitive	-ata	-atów
dative	-atowi	-atom
accusative	-ata	-atów
instrumental	-atem	-atami
locative	-acie	-atach
vocative	-acie	-aci

Derived terms

Romanian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-tós

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos

Proto-Italic *-ātos

Latin -ātus

Romanian -at

Inherited from Latin -ātus, from Proto-Italic *-ātos.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /at/

Suffix

-at m or n (feminine singular -ată, masculine plural -ați, feminine/neuter plural -ate)

Used with a stem to form the masculine singular past participle of regular -a (first conjugation) verbs.
‎arunca (“to throw”) + ‎-at → ‎aruncat (“thrown”)

‎cânta (“to sing”) + ‎-at → ‎cântat (“sung”)

Declension

Declension of *-at*
		singular			plural
		masculine	neuter	feminine	masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative- accusative	indefinite	-at		-ată	-ați	-ate
nominative- accusative	definite	-atul		-ata	-ații	-atele
genitive- dative	indefinite	-at		-ate	-ați	-ate
genitive- dative	definite	-atului		-atei	-aților	-atelor

Derived terms

Romanian terms suffixed with -at

Related terms

-it

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Borrowed from German -at, first from direct loanwords, and later becoming productive on its own.

Suffix

-at m anim or m inan (Cyrillic spelling -ат, noun-forming suffix)

Used on nominal and verbal stems of loanwords, rarely of native words, to build nouns of various meanings.
1. Denoting a person.
  adrèsa → adrèsāt
  
  ȗnija → unìjat
  
  Ȃzija → Azìjat
  
  Mìja → Mìjat
  
  delegácija → delègāt
  
  kandidírati → kandìdāt
2. Denoting a room, building or field.
  dèkān → dekànāt
  
  ekònom → ekonòmāt
  
  kàlīf → kalìfāt
  
  konzul → konzùlāt
  
  màršāl → maršalat
  
  pròtektor → protektòrāt
  
  rȅktor → rektòrāt
3. Denoting an honor or service.
  dȍktor → doktòrāt
  
  đȁkon → đakònāt
  
  lȅktor → lektòrāt
  
  pàtrōn → patrònāt
  
  nàdbiskup → nadbiskùpāt
4. Denoting collectivity.
  èpiskop → episkòpāt
  
  làik → laìkāt
  
  pàtrīcīj → patricìjāt
5. Denoting things.
  bikarbóna → bikarbònāt
  
  jod → jòdāt
  
  separirati → sepàrāt
6. Denoting abstract notions.
  citírati → cìtāt
  
  diktírati → dìktāt
  
  hìstōrija → historìjāt

Derived terms

Serbo-Croatian terms suffixed with -at

References

Babić, Stjepan (2002), Tvorba riječi u hrvatskome književnome jeziku, 3rd revised edition, Zagreb: HAZU, page(s) 358

Turkish

Alternative forms

-ât

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـات, borrowed from Arabic ـَات (-āt).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈaːt/, /ˈat/, [ɑːt̪], [ɑt̪]
Rhymes: -at

Suffix

-at (no longer productive)

Forms plurals from words of Arabic origin.
‎gidiş (“way of going”) + ‎-at → ‎gidişat (“the way things go”)

‎hayvan (“animal”) + ‎-at → ‎hayvanat (“animals”)
Forms collective nouns.
‎mühimme (“important”) + ‎-at → ‎mühimmat (“ammunition”)

‎hasıl (“produce, profit”) + ‎-at → ‎hasılat (“income”)

‎müfret (“singular”) + ‎-at → ‎müfredat (“curriculum”)

‎er (“soldier”) + ‎-at → ‎erat (“soldiers (collective)”)
Forms nouns referring to fields of knowledge or practice.
‎lisani (“linguistic”) + ‎-at → ‎lisaniyat (“linguistics”)

‎Türki (“Turkic”) + ‎-at → ‎Türkiyat (“Turkology”)

References

Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/ek/%2B%C4%81t”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

Volapük

Suffix

-at

Used to indicate an amount

Derived terms

Volapük terms suffixed with -at

balat

[1] Dhrimo, Ali. Për Shqipen dhe shqiptarët. 2008

[2] Kulla, Ariola (2010), The Albanian Linguistic Journey from Ancient Illyricum to EU: Lexical Borrowings‎^[1], Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, page 21

[3] é-; in: Jacqueline Picoche, Jean-Claude Rolland, Dictionnaire étymologique du français, Paris 2009, Dictionnaires Le Robert

[1]

case	suffix	who?	what?	this	that	he/she (it)¹	verbal prefix	category
nominative	–	ki	mi	ez	az	ő* / ∅ az / ∅	–	–
accusative	-t / -ot / -at / -et / -öt	kit	mit	ezt	azt	őt* / ∅ azt / ∅	–	c₁ c₂
dative	-nak / -nek	kinek	minek	ennek	annak	neki	neki-	category
instrumental	-val / -vel	kivel	mivel	ezzel/ evvel	azzal/ avval	vele		category
causal-final	-ért	kiért	miért	ezért	azért	érte	–	category
translative	-vá / -vé	kivé	mivé	ezzé	azzá	–	–	category
terminative	-ig	–	meddig	eddig	addig	–	–	category
essive-formal	-ként	(kiként)	(miként)	ekként	akként	–	–	category
essive-modal	-ul / -ül	–	–	–	–	–	–	category
inessive	-ban / -ben	kiben	miben	ebben	abban	benne	–	category
superessive	-n/-on/-en/-ön	kin	min	ezen	azon	rajta	(rajta-)	category
adessive	-nál / -nél	kinél	minél	ennél	annál	nála	–	category
illative	-ba / -be	kibe	mibe	ebbe	abba	bele	bele-	category
sublative	-ra / -re	kire	mire	erre	arra	rá	rá-	category
allative	-hoz/-hez/-höz	kihez	mihez	ehhez	ahhoz	hozzá	hozzá-	category
elative	-ból / -ből	kiből	miből	ebből	abból	belőle	–	category
delative	-ról / -ről	kiről	miről	erről	arról	róla	–	category
ablative	-tól / -től	kitől	mitől	ettől	attól	tőle	–	category

-at

Albanian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

References

Catalan

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Suffix

Suffix

Derived terms

Further reading

Czech

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Further reading

Danish

Etymology

Suffix

Derived terms

References

French

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Suffix

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Suffix

References

German

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Descendants

Hungarian

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Further reading

Etymology 2

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Suffix

Usage notes

See also

Etymology 4

Suffix

Usage notes

See also

Latin

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Descendants

Suffix

Descendants

Malay

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Maltese

Pronunciation

Suffix

Usage notes

Northern Sami

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Suffix