Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
かた
Grade: 6
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
難い (kyūjitai)

From 難し (katashi), from Old Japanese. The meaning developed from 堅い (katai, hard, stiff, immovable) to overtones of difficult.[1][2] Compare the similar development of English hard.

The difficult meaning was already apparent in the Man'yōshū, completed in the latter half of the 700s.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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(かた) (katai-i (adverbial (かた) (kataku))

  1. (archaic) difficult
    • , text here:
      (なか)()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()
      Nakamana ni, ukiworu fune no, kogidenaba, afu koto katasi, kefu ni siarazu fa.
      If you go out rowing the boat floating on the Nakamana [river], meeting would be difficult, if we don't do it today.
Usage notes
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This term is seldom used as an independent term in modern Japanese. It appears much more commonly as a suffix, as described below.

Conjugation
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Inflection of 難い
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 難かろ かたかろ katakaro
Continuative (連用形) 難く かたく kataku
Terminal (終止形) 難い かたい katai
Attributive (連体形) 難い かたい katai
Hypothetical (仮定形) 難けれ かたけれ katakere
Imperative (命令形) 難かれ かたかれ katakare
Key constructions
Informal negative 難くない かたくない kataku nai
Informal past 難かった かたかった katakatta
Informal negative past 難くなかった かたくなかった kataku nakatta
Formal 難いです かたいです katai desu
Formal negative 難くないです かたくないです kataku nai desu
Formal past 難かったです かたかったです katakatta desu
Formal negative past 難くなかったです かたくなかったです kataku nakatta desu
Conjunctive 難くて かたくて katakute
Conditional 難ければ かたければ katakereba
Provisional 難かったら かたかったら katakattara
Volitional 難かろう かたかろう katakarō
Adverbial 難く かたく kataku
Degree 難さ かたさ katasa

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
かた > がた
Grade: 6
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
難い (kyūjitai)

Shift in pronunciation from katai above, as this term became more of a fused suffix than an independent term.[1][2] The katai changes to gatai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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(がた) (-gatai-i (adverbial (がた) (-gataku))

  1. difficult or hard to do
    This suffix attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of a verb to express the difficulty of doing the action.
    • c. 935: Tosa Nikki, page 3[3]
      (とし)(ごろ)よく(くら)べつる人人(ひとびと)なむ、(わか)(がた)(おも)ひて、()しきりに、とかくしつつ、ののしるうちに、()()けぬ。
      Toshigoro yoku kurabetsuru hitobito namu, wakaregataku omoite, hi shikiri ni, tokaku shitsutsu, nonoshiru uchi ni, yo fukenu.
      Those who were close for many years found it difficult to part, and while boisterously getting things done all day, the night deepened.
Usage notes
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Usually spelled in hiragana, with the kanji spelling usually reserved for formal contexts.

Conjugation
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Inflection of 難い
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 難かろ がたかろ -gatakaro
Continuative (連用形) 難く がたく -gataku
Terminal (終止形) 難い がたい -gatai
Attributive (連体形) 難い がたい -gatai
Hypothetical (仮定形) 難けれ がたけれ -gatakere
Imperative (命令形) 難かれ がたかれ -gatakare
Key constructions
Informal negative 難くない がたくない -gataku nai
Informal past 難かった がたかった -gatakatta
Informal negative past 難くなかった がたくなかった -gataku nakatta
Formal 難いです がたいです -gatai desu
Formal negative 難くないです がたくないです -gataku nai desu
Formal past 難かったです がたかったです -gatakatta desu
Formal negative past 難くなかったです がたくなかったです -gataku nakatta desu
Conjunctive 難くて がたくて -gatakute
Conditional 難ければ がたければ -gatakereba
Provisional 難かったら がたかったら -gatakattara
Volitional 難かろう がたかろう -gatakarō
Adverbial 難く がたく -gataku
Degree 難さ がたさ -gatasa
Synonyms
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Antonyms
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Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
にく
Grade: 6
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
難い (kyūjitai)
悪い (rare)

Derived as the suffixization of Old Japanese adjective 憎い (nikui, disagreeable, dislikeable, modern “hateful, abominable”).[1][2] Cognate with 憎む (nikumu, to hate).[2]

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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(にく) (-nikui-i (adverbial (にく) (-nikuku))

  1. difficult or hard to do (emphasis on the disagreeability of performing the action)
    This suffix attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of a verb to express the difficulty of doing the action.
Usage notes
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More commonly spelled in hiragana, as にくい.

Conjugation
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Inflection of 難い
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 難かろ にくかろ -nikukaro
Continuative (連用形) 難く にくく -nikuku
Terminal (終止形) 難い にくい -nikui
Attributive (連体形) 難い にくい -nikui
Hypothetical (仮定形) 難けれ にくけれ -nikukere
Imperative (命令形) 難かれ にくかれ -nikukare
Key constructions
Informal negative 難くない にくくない -nikuku nai
Informal past 難かった にくかった -nikukatta
Informal negative past 難くなかった にくくなかった -nikuku nakatta
Formal 難いです にくいです -nikui desu
Formal negative 難くないです にくくないです -nikuku nai desu
Formal past 難かったです にくかったです -nikukatta desu
Formal negative past 難くなかったです にくくなかったです -nikuku nakatta desu
Conjunctive 難くて にくくて -nikukute
Conditional 難ければ にくければ -nikukereba
Provisional 難かったら にくかったら -nikukattara
Volitional 難かろう にくかろう -nikukarō
Adverbial 難く にくく -nikuku
Degree 難さ にくさ -nikusa
Synonyms
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Antonyms
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Derived terms
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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Hasegawa, Masaharu with Yūichirō Imanishi, Hiroshi Itō, Hiroshi Yoshioka (1989), Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 24: Tosa Nikki, Kagerō Nikki, Murasaki Shikibu Nikki, Sarashina Nikki, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN