故障
Chinese
edithappening; instance; reason happening; instance; reason; cause; deceased; old |
to block; to hinder; to obstruct | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (故障) |
故 | 障 | |
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gu3 zoeng3
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ku-chong
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien, POJ): kò͘-chiong / kò͘-chiòng / kò͘-chiàng
- (Teochew, Peng'im): gu3 ziang3
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5ku-tsaon5
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: gùzhàng → gùzhang (toneless final syllable variant)
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ㄓㄤˋ → ㄍㄨˋ ˙ㄓㄤ (toneless final syllable variant)
- Tongyong Pinyin: gùjhång
- Wade–Giles: ku4-chang5
- Yale: gù-jang
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh.janq
- Palladius: гучжан (gučžan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/ → /ku⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ɑŋ¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: gu3 zoeng3
- Yale: gu jeung
- Cantonese Pinyin: gu3 dzoeng3
- Guangdong Romanization: gu3 zêng3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuː³³ t͡sœːŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ku-chong
- Hakka Romanization System: gu zong
- Hagfa Pinyim: gu4 zong4
- Sinological IPA: /ku⁵⁵ t͡soŋ⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-chiong
- Tâi-lô: kòo-tsiong
- Phofsit Daibuun: korciofng
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɔŋ³³/
- Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-chiòng
- Tâi-lô: kòo-tsiòng
- Phofsit Daibuun: korcioxng
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔŋ²¹/
- Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɔŋ²¹/
- Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔŋ¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-chiàng
- Tâi-lô: kòo-tsiàng
- Phofsit Daibuun: korciaxng
- Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siaŋ²¹/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gu3 ziang3
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kù tsiàng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siaŋ²¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Wu
Noun
edit故障
- breakdown; malfunction; fault; failure (of a mechanical or electronic device)
- (figurative) obstacle; hitch
- (computing) bug
Synonyms
edit- (obstacle):
- 壁壘 / 壁垒 (bìlěi) (figurative)
- 壁障 (bìzhàng) (literal, figurative)
- 妨礙 / 妨碍 (fáng'ài)
- 攔路虎 / 拦路虎 (lánlùhǔ) (figurative)
- 絆腳石 / 绊脚石 (bànjiǎoshí) (figurative)
- 蔽障 (bìzhàng) (literal, figurative)
- 釘子 / 钉子 (dīngzi) (figurative)
- 關卡 / 关卡 (guānqiǎ) (figurative)
- 障礙 / 障碍 (zhàng'ài)
- 障礙物 / 障碍物 (zhàng'àiwù) (literal, figurative)
Descendants
editJapanese
edit| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 故 | 障 |
| こ Grade: 5 |
しょう Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi | |
Pronunciation
edit- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 故障する
| Plain | 故障する | こしょー・する | [kòshóó sùrú] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 故障して | こしょー・して | [kòshóó shìté] |
| Perfective | 故障した | こしょー・した | [kòshóó shìtá] |
| Negative | 故障しない | こしょー・しない | [kòshóó shìnáí] |
| Negative perfective | 故障しなかった | こしょー・しなかった | [kòshóó shìnáꜜkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 故障すれば | こしょー・すれば | [kòshóó sùréꜜbà] |
| Past conditional | 故障したら | こしょー・したら | [kòshóó shìtáꜜrà] |
| Imperative | 故障しろ 故障せよ |
こしょー・しろ こしょー・せよ |
[kòshóó shìró] [kòshóó séꜜyò] |
| Volitional | 故障しよう | こしょー・しよー | [kòshóó shìyóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 故障したい | こしょー・したい | [kòshóó shìtáí] |
| Formal | 故障します | こしょー・します | [kòshóó shìmáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 故障しません | こしょー・しません | [kòshóó shìmáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 故障しましょう | こしょー・しましょー | [kòshóó shìmáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 故障しました | こしょー・しました | [kòshóó shìmáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 故障し 故障しに |
こしょー・し こしょー・しに |
[kòshóó shì] [kòshóó shì ní] |
| Negative continuative | 故障せず 故障せずに |
こしょー・せず こしょー・せずに |
[kòshóó séꜜzù] [kòshóó séꜜzù nì] |
| Passive | 故障される | こしょー・される | [kòshóó sàrérú] |
| Causative | 故障させる 故障さす |
こしょー・させる こしょー・さす |
[kòshóó sàsérú] [kòshóó sàsú] |
| Potential | 故障できる | こしょー・できる | [kòshóó dèkíꜜrù] |
Noun
edit- break, break down, have a fault, go out of order
Verb
edit故障する • (koshō suru) intransitive suru (stem 故障し (koshō shi), past 故障した (koshō shita))
- break, break down, have a fault
Conjugation
edit| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 故障し | こしょうし | koshō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 故障し | こしょうし | koshō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 故障する | こしょうする | koshō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 故障する | こしょうする | koshō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 故障すれ | こしょうすれ | koshō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 故障せよ¹ 故障しろ² |
こしょうせよ¹ こしょうしろ² |
koshō seyo¹ koshō shiro² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 故障される | こしょうされる | koshō sareru |
| Causative | 故障させる 故障さす |
こしょうさせる こしょうさす |
koshō saseru koshō sasu |
| Potential | 故障できる | こしょうできる | koshō dekiru |
| Volitional | 故障しよう | こしょうしよう | koshō shiyō |
| Negative | 故障しない | こしょうしない | koshō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 故障せず | こしょうせず | koshō sezu |
| Formal | 故障します | こしょうします | koshō shimasu |
| Perfective | 故障した | こしょうした | koshō shita |
| Conjunctive | 故障して | こしょうして | koshō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 故障すれば | こしょうすれば | koshō sureba |
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
References
edit- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- “故障”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
Korean
edit| Hanja in this term | |
|---|---|
| 故 | 障 |
Noun
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