剛果

See also: 刚果

Chinese

		hard; firm; strong hard; firm; strong; just; barely; exactly	fruit; result
trad. (剛果)		剛	果
simp. (刚果)		刚	果

Etymology 1

Phono-semantic matching of French Congo.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Gāngguǒ

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄤ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gong¹ gwo²
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Kang-kó / Kang-kó͘

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Gāngguǒ
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄤ ㄍㄨㄛˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Gangguǒ
    • Wade–Giles: Kang¹-kuo³
    • Yale: Gāng-gwǒ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Gangguoo
    • Palladius: Ганго (Gango)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gong¹ gwo²
    • Yale: gōng gwó
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gong¹ gwo²
    • Guangdong Romanization: gong¹ guo²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kang-kó
    • Tâi-lô: Kang-kó
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kangkoir
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kang-kó͘
    • Tâi-lô: Kang-kóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kangkor
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kaŋ³³ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

Proper noun

剛果

1. Democratic Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa, larger and to the east of the Republic of the Congo)
2. Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa, smaller and to the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)

Derived terms

• 剛果人民共和國 / 刚果人民共和国 (Gāngguǒ Rénmín Gònghéguó)
• 剛果共和國 / 刚果共和国 (Gāngguǒ Gònghéguó)
• 剛果（布） / 刚果（布） (Gāngguǒ bù)
• 剛果民主共和國 / 刚果民主共和国 (Gāngguǒ Mínzhǔ Gònghéguó)
• 剛果紅 / 刚果红 (gāngguǒhóng)
• 剛果（金） / 刚果（金） (Gāngguǒ Jīn)
• 比屬剛果 / 比属刚果
• 民主剛果 / 民主刚果 (Mínzhǔ Gāngguǒ)
• 法屬剛果 / 法属刚果

Etymology 2

Could be understood as short for 剛毅果決／刚毅果决 (gāngyì guǒjué) or 剛強果斷／刚强果断 (gāngqiáng guǒduàn).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gāngguǒ

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄤ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gāngguǒ
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄤ ㄍㄨㄛˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gangguǒ
    • Wade–Giles: kang¹-kuo³
    • Yale: gāng-gwǒ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gangguoo
    • Palladius: ганго (gango)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

---

• Middle Chinese: kang kwaX

Rime
Character	剛	果
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古郎切	古火切
Baxter	kang	kwaX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑŋ/	/kuɑX/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑŋ/	/kuɑX/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑŋ/	/kuɑX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaŋ/	/kwaX/
Li Rong	/kɑŋ/	/kuɑX/
Wang Li	/kɑŋ/	/kuɑX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɑŋ/	/kuɑX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāng	guǒ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gong1	gwo2

Adjective

剛果

1. (literary) firm and resolute

   • 夫人之性，剛果懦軟，稟之於天，不可勉強，雖聖人亦不以不能責人之必能。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     夫人之性，刚果懦软，禀之于天，不可勉强，虽圣人亦不以不能责人之必能。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. 1037, 歐陽脩 (Ouyang Xiu),《與高司諫書》(Letter to Mr. Gao Ruone)

     Fú rén zhī xìng, gāngguǒ nuòruǎn, bǐng zhī yú tiān, bùkě miǎnqiǎng, suī shèngrén yì bù yǐ bùnéng zé rén zhī bì néng. [Pinyin]

     The character of a person, be it firm and resolute or weak and pusillanimous, is acquired from birth and cannot be forced into a change. Even a sage would not charge anyone to be capable of what is beyond their capacity.