Hello everybody, my name is Donny E. Sappington, III. (but on Wikipedia I go by DonnyES3) and I’m an editor at Wikipedia. I love editing things that involve United States politics especially ones that involve the presidential elections and the presidents!! My firsts edits on Wikipedia were from the 1788-89, 1792, 1796, and 1800 election. I made edits on these elections from editing the part where there it mentioned that there was 138 total, and 12 presidential candidates in 1788-89 when there was only 1 presidential candidate and 69 total then I moved the 11 candidates to the vice-presidential section, and then as for each candidate that was not a presidential candidate and kept adding more numbers to the total I moved the vice-presidential section and fixed the total in both sections, although you may not see it in my editing stats because I edited those before my account was existent and those edits from the first 4 prez elections were a success and stayed there. As for the rest that did not succeed was the edits I made for the 1872, 1876, 2000, 2016, and 2020 election + a hypothetical 1801 and 1825 contingent election page, and a finished page for the Pro-Administration Party page. The reason why those didn’t workout-hold on, let’s start off with 1872, the 1872 edit I did turned out liked this:
November 5, 1872
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352 members[a] of the Electoral College 177 electoral votes needed to win | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 72.1%[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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December 17, 1872
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352 members[a] of the Electoral College 177 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 72.1%[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Grant/Wilson (Republican). Other colors (except gray) denote states won by Greeley/Brown (Liberal Republican and Democratic). The different colors reflect the posthumous scattering of Greeley's electoral votes: purple denotes Electoral College votes won by Greeley, blue denotes those won by Thomas A. Hendricks, pink denotes those won by Benjamin Gratz Brown, green denotes those won by Charles J. Jenkins, and dark red denotes those won by David Davis. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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I don’t know why I got rejected but anyway, now moving on to 1876:
November 7, 1876
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369 members of the Electoral College 185 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Hayes/Wheeler, blue denotes those won by Tilden/Hendricks. green denotes those in dispute at the Electoral Commission. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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March 2, 1877
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369 members of the Electoral College 185 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 82.6%[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Hayes/Wheeler, blue denotes those won by Tilden/Hendricks. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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but that obviously didn’t workout because Wikipedia thought otherwise on my knowledge for this election, and let the edit go. Now as for 2000 the final edit looked like this:
November 7, 2000
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538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 54.2%[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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December 12, 2000
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538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 54.2%[7] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Bush/Cheney and blue denotes those won by Gore/Lieberman. One of D.C.'s three electors cast a blank ballot for president and vice president. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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but that didn’t workout either due to the reason why it didn’t workout for 1876, now moving on 2016, the editing result ended like this:
November 8, 2016
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538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 60.1%[9] ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Trump/Pence and blue denotes those won by Clinton/Kaine. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia. On election night, Trump won 306 electors and Clinton 232. However, because of seven faithless electors (five Democratic and two Republican), Trump received 304 votes and Clinton 227. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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I did that because I found out that Gary Johnson was on the ballot on all states so I put him in there because third-party participants who were on the ballot on all states such as Ross Perot then you’re on the main ballot but that was still rejected, but anyway, let’s move on to 2020, now as for that the final result ended up with this:
November 3, 2020[e]
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538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 66.6% ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Biden/Harris and red denotes those won by Trump/Pence. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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now that we gone over the ones that did not workout that already had a page planned out that I fixed, let’s moved on to the hypothetical pages. Starting off with 1801:- well 1801 cannot generate and neither can 1825 for some reason I don’t know why-but anyway all I can show is the Pro-Administration page:
Pro-Administration Party | |
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| Leader | Alexander Hamilton |
| Founded | 1789 |
| Dissolved | 1795 |
| Merged into | Federalist Party |
Here’s how I view presidential elections that is shown differently from the ones seen in the real articles:
This article needs more citations. (April 2017) |
December 15, 1788 – January 7, 1789
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69 members of the Electoral College 35 electoral[h] votes needed to win | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 11.6%[17] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Green denotes states won by Washington. Black denotes states that did not appoint any electors. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes cast by each state.[note 1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in the United States from December 15, 1788 to January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified in 1788. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history.
Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.
The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors.[18] In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote.
The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.
No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.
All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.
November 2 – December 5, 1792
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132 members of the Electoral College 68 electoral[h] votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 6.3%[19] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Green denotes states won by Washington. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes cast by each state. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 2 to December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was reelected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.
Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.
Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.
November 4 – December 7, 1796
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138 members of the Electoral College[i] 70 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 20.1%[20] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Green denotes states won by Jefferson/Burr and Salmon denotes states won by Adams/Pinckney. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes cast by each state. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 4 to December 7, 1796, when electors throughout the United States cast their ballots. It was the first contested American presidential election, the first presidential election in which political parties played a dominant role, and the only presidential election in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing tickets. Incumbent vice president John Adams of the Federalist Party defeated former secretary of state Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party.
With incumbent president George Washington having refused a third term in office, the 1796 election became the first U.S. presidential election in which political parties competed for the presidency. The Federalists coalesced behind Adams and the Democratic-Republicans supported Jefferson, but each party ran multiple candidates. Under the electoral rules in place prior to the Twelfth Amendment, the members of the Electoral College each cast two votes, with no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes for vice president. The individual with the votes of a majority of electors became president, and the runner-up became vice president. If there was a tie for first place or no person won a majority, the House of Representatives would hold a contingent election. Also, if there were a tie for second place, the vice presidency, the Senate would hold a contingent election to break the tie.
The campaign was a bitter one, with Federalists attempting to identify the Democratic-Republicans with the violence of the French Revolution[21] and the Democratic-Republicans accusing the Federalists of favoring monarchism and aristocracy. Republicans sought to associate Adams with the policies developed by fellow Federalist Alexander Hamilton during the Washington administration, which they declaimed were too much in favor of Great Britain and a centralized national government. In foreign policy, Republicans denounced the Federalists over the Jay Treaty, which had established a temporary peace with Great Britain. Federalists attacked Jefferson's moral character, alleging he was an atheist and that he had been a coward during the American Revolutionary War. Adams's supporters also accused Jefferson of being too pro-France; the accusation was underscored when the French ambassador embarrassed the Republicans by publicly backing Jefferson and attacking the Federalists right before the election.[22] Despite the hostility between their respective camps, neither Adams nor Jefferson actively campaigned for the presidency.[23][22]
Adams was elected president with 71 electoral votes, one more than was needed for a majority. He won by sweeping the electoral votes of New England and winning votes from several other swing states, especially the states of the Mid-Atlantic region. Jefferson received 68 electoral votes and was elected vice president. Former governor Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina, a Federalist, finished with 59 electoral votes, while Senator Aaron Burr, a Democratic-Republican from New York, won 30 electoral votes. The remaining 48 electoral votes were dispersed among nine other candidates. Several electors cast one vote for a Federalist candidate and one for a Democratic-Republican. The election marked the formation of the First Party System, and established a rivalry between Federalist New England and the Democratic-Republican South, with the middle states holding the balance of power (New York and Maryland were the crucial swing states, and between them only voted for a loser once between 1789 and 1820).[24]
November 4 – December 7, 1808
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176 members of the Electoral College 89 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 36.8%[25] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Green denotes states won by Madison/Clinton, Salmon denotes states won by Pinckney/King.
In addition, Light Green denotes the electoral votes won by Clinton in the state of New York. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes cast by each state. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 4 to December 7, 1808. The Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney decisively.
Madison had served as Secretary of State since President Thomas Jefferson took office in 1801. Jefferson, who had declined to run for a third term, threw his strong support behind Madison, a fellow Virginian. Sitting Vice President George Clinton and former Ambassador James Monroe both challenged Madison for leadership of the party, but Madison won his party's nomination and Clinton was renominated as vice president. The Federalists chose to re-nominate Pinckney, a former ambassador who had served as the party's 1804 nominee, again alongside Rufus King.
Despite the unpopularity of the Embargo Act of 1807, Madison won the vast majority of electoral votes outside of the Federalist stronghold of New England. Clinton received six electoral votes for president from his home state of New York. This election was the first of two instances in American history in which a new president was selected but the incumbent vice president won re-election, the other being in 1828.
October 30 – December 2, 1812
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217 members of the Electoral College 109 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 40.4%[26] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Green denotes states won by Madison/Gerry and Salmon denotes states won by Clinton/Ingersoll. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes cast by each state. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in the United States from October 30 to December 2, 1812. In the shadow of the War of 1812, incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Madison narrowly defeated DeWitt Clinton, the lieutenant governor of New York and mayor of New York City, who drew support from dissident Democratic-Republicans in the North as well as Federalists. It was the first presidential election to be held during a major war involving the United States.[27] As no significant British incursions into American territory had occurred by that time, and Britain's war strategy was largely defensive, the election proceeded without disruption.[28]
Northern Democratic-Republicans had long been dissatisfied by the Southern dominance of their party, and DeWitt Clinton's uncle, Vice President George Clinton, had unsuccessfully challenged Madison for the party's 1808 presidential nomination. While the May 1812 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus re-nominated Madison, the party's New York caucus, also held in May, nominated Clinton for president. After the United States declared war on the United Kingdom in June 1812, Clinton sought to create a coalition of anti-war Democratic-Republicans and Federalists.[29] With Clinton in the race, the Federalist Party declined to formally put forth a nominee, hoping its members would vote for Clinton, but they did not formally endorse him, fearing that an explicit endorsement of Clinton would hurt the party's fortunes in other races. Federalist Jared Ingersoll of Pennsylvania became Clinton's de facto running mate. A dissident faction of the Federalist Party attempted to nominate former vice presidential candidate Rufus King over Clinton, but only succeeded in doing so in Virginia.
Despite Clinton's success at attracting Federalist support, Madison was re-elected with 50.4 percent of the popular vote to his opponent's 47.6%, making the 1812 election the closest election up to that point in the popular vote (there was no popular vote in half the states). Clinton won the Federalist bastion of New England as well as three Mid-Atlantic states, but Madison dominated the South and took Pennsylvania. This was the narrowest popular vote margin for a victorious re-elected president until 2004.
November 1 – December 6, 1820
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235 members[m] of the Electoral College 118 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 10.1%[30] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Green denotes states won by Monroe/Tompkins and Light Green denotes a New Hampshire elector William Plumer's vote for John Quincy Adams. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes cast by each state. Missouri's statehood status and subsequent electoral votes were disputed, and are therefore not counted in the above infobox. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in the United States from November 1 to December 6, 1820. Taking place at the height of the Era of Good Feelings, the election saw incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Monroe win reelection without a major opponent. It was the third and the most recent United States presidential election in which a presidential candidate ran effectively unopposed. James Monroe's re-election marked the first time in U.S. history that a third consecutive president won a second election (the second time was Barack Obama's reelection in the 2012 presidential election).
Monroe and Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins faced little to no opposition from other Democratic-Republicans in their quest for a second term. The Federalist Party had fielded a presidential candidate in each election since 1796, but the party's already-waning popularity had declined further following the War of 1812. Although able to field a nominee for vice president, the Federalists could not put forward a presidential candidate, leaving Monroe without organized opposition.
Monroe won every state and received all but one of the electoral votes. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams received the only other electoral vote, which came from faithless elector William Plumer. Nine different Federalists received electoral votes for vice president, but Tompkins won re-election by a large margin. No other post-Twelfth Amendment presidential candidate has matched Monroe's electoral vote share. Monroe and George Washington remain the only presidential candidates to run without any major opposition. Monroe's victory was the last of six straight victories by Virginians in presidential elections (Jefferson twice, Madison twice, and Monroe twice). This was the last election in which an incumbent ticket was reelected until the ticket of Woodrow Wilson and Thomas R. Marshall were reelected in 1916.
October 31 – December 2, 1828
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261 members of the Electoral College 131 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 57.3%[31] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Jackson and Calhoun or Smith, Astra denotes those won by Adams/Rush. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in the United States from October 31 to December 2, 1828. Just as in the 1824 election, President John Quincy Adams of the National Republican Party faced Andrew Jackson of the Democratic Party, making the election the second rematch in presidential history. Both parties were new organizations, and this was the first presidential election their nominees contested.
With the collapse of the Federalist Party, four members of the Democratic-Republican Party, including Jackson and Adams, had sought the presidency in the 1824 election. Jackson had won a plurality (but not majority) of both the electoral vote and popular vote in the 1824 election, but had lost the contingent election that was held in the House of Representatives. In the aftermath of the election, Jackson's supporters accused Adams and Henry Clay of having reached a "corrupt bargain" in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for the position of Secretary of State. After the 1824 election, Jackson's supporters immediately began plans for a campaign in 1828, and the Democratic-Republican Party fractured into the National Republican Party and the Democratic Party during Adams's presidency.
The 1828 campaign was marked by large amounts of "mudslinging", as both parties attacked the personal qualities of the opposing party's candidate. Jackson dominated in the South and the West, aided in part by the passage of the Tariff of 1828. With the ongoing expansion of the right to vote to most white men, the election marked a dramatic expansion of the electorate, with 9.5% of Americans casting a vote for president, compared with 3.4% in 1824.[36] Several states transitioned to a popular vote for president, leaving South Carolina and Delaware as the only states in which the legislature chose presidential electors.
Jackson decisively won the election, carrying 55.5% of the popular vote and 178 electoral votes, to Adams' 83. The election marked the rise of Jacksonian Democracy and the transition from the First Party System to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics by removing key barriers to voter participation and establishing a stable two-party system.[37] Jackson became the first president whose home state was neither Massachusetts nor Virginia, while Adams was the second to lose re-election, following his father John Adams.
November 3, 1992
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538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 58.1%[38] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Clinton/Gore and red denotes those won by Bush/Quayle. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 3, 1992. The Democratic ticket of Arkansas governor Bill Clinton and Senator from Tennessee Al Gore defeated incumbent Republican president George H. W. Bush and vice president Dan Quayle and the independent ticket of businessman Ross Perot and vice admiral James Stockdale. The election marked the end of 12 consecutive years of Republican rule of the White House, as well as the end of a longer period of Republican dominance in American presidential politics that began in 1968, with the exception of Jimmy Carter's narrow victory in 1976.
Bush had alienated many conservatives in his party by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge not to raise taxes, but he fended off a primary challenge from paleoconservative commentator Pat Buchanan without losing a single contest. Bush's popularity following his success in the Gulf War dissuaded high-profile Democratic candidates such as Mario Cuomo from entering the 1992 Democratic primaries. Clinton, a leader of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council, established himself as the front-runner for the Democratic nomination by sweeping the Super Tuesday primaries. He defeated former governor of California Jerry Brown, former Massachusetts senator Paul Tsongas, and other candidates to win the nomination, and chose Tennessee senator Al Gore as his running mate. The billionaire Perot launched an independent campaign, emphasizing his opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement (which at time was being actively negotiated) and his plan to reduce the national debt.
The economy had recovered from a recession in the spring of 1991, followed by 19 consecutive months of growth, but perceptions of the economy's slow growth harmed Bush, for he had inherited a substantial economic boom from his predecessor Ronald Reagan. Bush's greatest strength, foreign policy, was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, as well as the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the Gulf War. Perot led in several polls taken in June 1992, but severely damaged his candidacy by temporarily dropping out of the race in July. The Bush campaign criticized Clinton's character and emphasized Bush's foreign policy successes, while Clinton focused on the economy.
Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote, breaking a streak of three consecutive Republican victories. Clinton flipped a total of 22 states that had voted Republican in the election of 1988. Perot won 18.9% of the popular vote, the highest share of the vote won by a candidate outside of the two major parties since 1912.
November 5, 1996
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Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 5, 1996. Incumbent Democratic president Bill Clinton and his running mate, incumbent vice president Al Gore, were elected to a second term. They defeated the Republican ticket of former Senate majority leader Bob Dole and former secretary of housing and urban development Jack Kemp and the Reform ticket of businessman Ross Perot and economist Pat Choate.
Clinton and Vice President Gore were re-nominated without incident by the Democratic Party. Numerous candidates entered the 1996 Republican primaries, with Dole considered the early frontrunner. Dole clinched the nomination after defeating challenges by publisher Steve Forbes and paleoconservative leader Pat Buchanan. Dole's running mate was Jack Kemp, a former New York congressman and football player who had served as the housing secretary under President George H. W. Bush. Ross Perot, who had won 18.9% of the popular vote as an independent candidate in 1992, ran as the candidate of the Reform Party. Perot received less media attention in 1996 and was excluded from the presidential debates.
Clinton's chances of winning were initially considered slim in the middle of his term, as his party had lost both the House of Representatives and the Senate in 1994 for the first time in decades. He was able to regain ground as the economy began to recover from the early 1990s recession with a relatively stable world stage. Clinton tied Dole to Newt Gingrich, the arch-conservative Republican speaker of the House, and expressed concern that Republicans would increase the deficit and slash spending on popular programs like Social Security and Medicare. Dole promised an across-the-board 15% reduction in federal income taxes and labeled Clinton as a "spoiled" Baby Boomer who "never grew up" and "never sacrificed."[41] Dole's age was a persistent issue in the election, and gaffes by Dole exacerbated the issue for his campaign.
On election day, Clinton defeated Dole by a wide margin, winning 379 electors to Dole's 159 and taking 49.2% of the national popular vote to Dole's 40.7%. As in 1992, Perot's strong candidacy held both major party candidates below 50% nationwide.
November 8, 2016
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Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Trump/Pence and blue denotes those won by Clinton/Kaine. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia. On election night, Trump won 306 electors and Clinton 232. However, because of seven faithless electors (five Democratic and two Republican), Trump received 304 votes and Clinton 227. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 8, 2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former secretary of state and first lady Hillary Clinton and Virginia junior senator Tim Kaine, in what was considered one of the biggest political upsets in American history.[42] It was the fifth and most recent presidential election in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote.[10][43]
Incumbent Democratic president Barack Obama was ineligible to pursue a third term due to the term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Clinton secured the nomination over U.S. senator Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primary and became the first female presidential nominee of a major American political party. Initially considered a novelty candidate, Trump presented himself as a blunt-spoken political outsider and emerged as the Republican front-runner, defeating several notable opponents, including U.S. senators Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio, as well as governors John Kasich and Jeb Bush.[44] Trump's right-wing populist, nationalist campaign, which promised to "Make America Great Again" and opposed political correctness, and many US free trade agreements,[45] while supporting a more hard-line approach on illegal immigration, garnered extensive free media coverage due to Trump's inflammatory comments.[46][47] Clinton emphasized her extensive political experience; denounced Trump and half of his supporters as "deplorable" bigots and extremists; and advocated the expansion of Obama's policies, stressing racial equality, LGBT rights, women's rights, and inclusive capitalism.[48]
The tone of the election campaign was widely characterized as divisive, negative, and troubling.[49][50][51] Trump faced controversy over his views on race and immigration, incidents of violence against protesters at his rallies,[52][53][54] and numerous sexual misconduct allegations including the Access Hollywood tape. Clinton's popularity and public image were tarnished by concerns about her ethics and trustworthiness,[55] and a controversy and subsequent FBI investigation regarding her improper use of a private email server while serving as secretary of state, which received more media coverage than any other topic during the campaign.[56][57] Clinton led in almost every nationwide and swing-state poll, with some predictive models giving her over a 90 percent chance of victory.[58][59]
On election day, Trump over-performed his polls, winning several key swing states to achieve a majority in the Electoral College while losing the nationwide popular vote by 2.87 million votes.[60] Key to Trump's pivotal upset victory were his wins in the Democratic-leaning Rust Belt states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which he carried by fewer than 80,000 votes in the three "blue wall" states combined and gained a combined 46 electoral votes. Trump's surprise victories were perceived to have been assisted by Clinton's lack of campaigning in some swing states (especially Wisconsin),[61] the rightward shift of the white working class,[62] as well as the influence of Obama–Trump voters and Sanders–Trump voters.[63][64][65] Ultimately, Trump received 304 electoral votes to Clinton's 227, as two faithless electors defected from Trump and five from Clinton. Trump was the first president with neither prior public service nor military experience.
With ballot access to the entire national electorate, Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson received nearly 4.5 million votes (3.27%), the highest nationwide vote share for a third-party candidate since Ross Perot in 1996,[66] while Green Party nominee Jill Stein received almost 1.45 million votes (1.06%). Independent candidate Evan McMullin received 21.4% of the vote in his home state of Utah, the highest share of the vote for a non-major party candidate in any state since 1992.[67]
On January 6, 2017, the U.S. Intelligence Community concluded that the Russian government had interfered in the election[68][69] in order to "undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency".[70] A Special Counsel investigation[71][72] concluded in March 2019 that Russia had interfered "in sweeping and systematic fashion" in favor of Trump's candidacy, but did not establish that members of the Trump campaign colluded with the Russian government.[73][74]
November 3, 2020[e]
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Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Biden/Harris and red denotes those won by Trump/Pence.
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Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 3, 2020.[e] The Democratic ticket of former vice president Joe Biden and California junior senator Kamala Harris defeated the incumbent Republican president Donald Trump and vice president Mike Pence.[81] The election saw the highest voter turnout by percentage since 1900. Biden received more than 81 million votes,[82] the most votes ever cast for a presidential candidate in U.S. history.[83]
In a competitive primary that featured the most candidates for any political party in the modern era of American politics, Biden secured the Democratic presidential nomination. Biden's running mate, Harris, became the first African American, first Asian American, and third female[q] vice presidential nominee on a major party ticket. Trump easily secured re-nomination with only minor opposition in the Republican primaries. Jo Jorgensen secured the Libertarian presidential nomination with Spike Cohen as her running mate, and Howie Hawkins secured the Green presidential nomination with Angela Nicole Walker as his running mate.
The central issues of the election included the public health and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic; civil unrest in reaction to the police murder of George Floyd, the Supreme Court following the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and confirmation of Amy Coney Barrett, and the future of the Affordable Care Act.[84] Due to the ongoing pandemic, a record number of ballots were cast early and by mail.[85] Thirty-eight states had over half of all votes cast using these methods, and only three states had fewer than 25%.[86] As a result of a large number of mail-in ballots, some swing states saw delays in vote counting and reporting; this led to major news outlets delaying their projection of Biden and Harris as the president-elect and vice president-elect until the morning of November 7, 2020.[87]
Biden defeated Trump, winning 306 Electoral College votes and 51.3% of the popular vote to Trump's 232 electoral votes and 46.8% of the popular vote. Trump was the first president to lose re-election since George H. W. Bush in 1992. Key to Biden's pivotal victory were his wins in the Democratic-leaning Rust Belt states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which Trump narrowly carried in 2016 and whose combined 46 electoral votes were enough to swing the election to either candidate. This election marked the first time since 1948 that the Democratic Party won the popular vote in four consecutive elections.
Trump refused to accept the results; he and his allies made disproven claims of fraud, pressured elections officials, filed several unsuccessful lawsuits,[88][89][90] and directly attempted to overturn the results at the county, state, and federal level. This culminated in the attack on the United States Capitol, on January 6, 2021, for which Trump was impeached a second time. The day after the attack, Trump stated that a "new administration" would be succeeding his, without mentioning president-elect Biden by name, in a video posted on Twitter.[91][92][93]
I don’t know why, but the rest can’t generate on to here, but I don’t know why this would be rejected, I did this whole page for them. But now that we got all of that stuff out of the way, let’s get to know more about me:
Disability: Autism/Autism Spectrum Disorder (A.S.D.) 🧩
Zodiac Sign: Gemini, Cancer
Birthday: June 20
Place of birth: California, United States 🇺🇸
Language spoken: Spanglish 🇬🇧/🇪🇸 (English 🇬🇧: 95%, Spanish 🇪🇸: 5%)
Gender: Male
Sexual orientation: Ace 🖤🩶🤍💜
Romantic orientation: Hetero 🖤🤍🖤🤍🖤, Gray 💚🩶🤍🩶💚, Pan 🩷💛💙
Race: Caucasian (69.5%)[67.2% Europe, 0.4% North Africa, 1.9% West Asia], African-American (14.4%)[6.7% Sub-Saharan, 7.7% North], Native/Latin American (21.8%), Asian (2%)[0.1% East, 1.9% West]
Ethnicity: East/West Asian-Sub Saharan/North African Mestizo-American
Full name: Donald Eugene Sappington, III.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Elections were held in Arkansas and Louisiana; however, due to various irregularities including allegations of electoral fraud, all electoral votes from those states (6 and 8, respectively) were invalidated.
- 1 2 Greeley died after the election, but prior to the Electoral College meeting. Greeley had won 66 pledged electors from 6 states, of which 63 cast their votes for other candidates. 3 Georgian electors voted for Greeley; however, their votes were rejected.
- 1 2 267 electors pledged to the Gore/Lieberman ticket were elected; however, an elector from the District of Columbia cast a blank ballot for president and vice president, bringing the ticket's total number of electoral votes to 266.
- 1 2 3 4 In state-by-state tallies, Trump earned 306 pledged electors, Clinton 232. They lost respectively two and five votes to faithless electors. Vice presidential candidates Pence and Kaine lost one and five votes, respectively. Three other votes by electors were invalidated and recast.
- 1 2 3 About 64% of voters voted early before November 3 in person or by mail, with the earliest state starting on September 4.[79][80]
- ↑ The Federal Election Commission calculated a voter turnout of 62.8% in 2020, as the votes for president divided by the estimated U.S. population at or over age 18.[11] The denominator included U.S. residents ineligible to vote due to not being U.S. citizens or due to a criminal conviction, and excluded U.S. citizens residing in other countries who were eligible to vote. This turnout was an increase of 7.1pp compared to the turnout of 55.7% in the 2016 election, calculated by the same institution with the same basis.[12]
The U.S. Census Bureau calculated a voter turnout of 66.8% in 2020, as the people reporting having voted divided by the estimated U.S. population at or over age 18 who were U.S. citizens. The denominator excluded U.S. residents ineligible to vote due to not being U.S. citizens, but included those ineligible due to a criminal conviction and excluded U.S. citizens residing in other countries who were eligible to vote. This turnout was an increase of 5.4pp compared to the turnout of 61.4% in the 2016 election, calculated by the same institution with the same basis.[13]
The U.S. Elections Project calculated a voter turnout of 66.6% in 2020, as the total ballots divided by the estimated population that was eligible to vote.[14] The denominator excluded U.S. residents ineligible to vote due to not being U.S. citizens or due to a criminal conviction, and included U.S. citizens residing in other countries who were eligible to vote. This turnout was an increase of 6.5pp compared to the turnout of 60.1% in the 2016 election, calculated by the same institution with the same basis.[15] - 1 2 Trump's official state of residence was New York in the 2016 election, but it was changed to Florida when his permanent residence was switched from Trump Tower to Mar-a-Lago in 2019.[16] Cite error: The named reference "Florida Residency" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- 1 2 73 total electors were appointed, four of which did not vote (2 in Maryland and 2 in Virginia). According to the unamended constitution, a majority of the total number of appointed electors was required for election to the Presidency. Cite error: The named reference "elec" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ↑ One Maryland elector pledged to Adams cast his two votes for Adams and Jefferson, bringing the total between them to 139 votes.
- 1 2 Jefferson received 68 electoral votes; however, 2 electors faithlessly voted for George Washington and since he was an Independent, it changes things. Cite error: The named reference "two" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ↑ While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate, Clinton technically ran as a Democratic-Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself, the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate. This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties (such as in Pennsylvania), but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic-Republicans as well.
- ↑ John Langdon had originally been nominated as Madison's running mate; however, Langdon declined the nomination and Gerry was chosen instead.
- ↑ Electors were elected to all 235 apportioned positions; however, Missouri's statehood status and subsequent 3 electoral votes were disputed.
- ↑ Massachusetts voted 68% in favor of the Federalist Party; however, there was no Federalist nominee. Its electors were ultimately awarded to Monroe.
- ↑ On the California, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Texas election ballots, James Campbell of California, Perot's former boss at IBM, was listed as a stand-in vice-presidential candidate.
- ↑ The Federal Election Commission calculated a voter turnout of 62.8% in 2020, as the votes for president divided by the estimated U.S. population at or over age 18.[11] The denominator included U.S. residents ineligible to vote due to not being U.S. citizens or due to a criminal conviction, and excluded U.S. citizens residing in other countries who were eligible to vote. This turnout was an increase of 7.1pp compared to the turnout of 55.7% in the 2016 election, calculated by the same institution with the same basis.[75]
The U.S. Census Bureau calculated a voter turnout of 66.8% in 2020, as the people reporting having voted divided by the estimated U.S. population at or over age 18 who were U.S. citizens. The denominator excluded U.S. residents ineligible to vote due to not being U.S. citizens, but included those ineligible due to a criminal conviction and excluded U.S. citizens residing in other countries who were eligible to vote. This turnout was an increase of 5.4pp compared to the turnout of 61.4% in the 2016 election, calculated by the same institution with the same basis.[76]
The U.S. Elections Project calculated a voter turnout of 66.6% in 2020, as the total ballots divided by the estimated population that was eligible to vote.[14] The denominator excluded U.S. residents ineligible to vote due to not being U.S. citizens or due to a criminal conviction, and included U.S. citizens residing in other countries who were eligible to vote. This turnout was an increase of 6.5pp compared to the turnout of 60.1% in the 2016 election, calculated by the same institution with the same basis.[77] - ↑ The previous two female vice presidential nominees were Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and Sarah Palin in 2008.
<ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789–Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789–Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789–Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
1996 51.7 […] 2000 54.2
- ↑ "FEDERAL ELECTIONS 96 Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. May 1997. p. 11.
Percent of voting age population casting a vote for President: 48.99%
- 1 2 3 4 Cite error: The named reference
el2000was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
1996 51.7 […] 2000 54.2
- ↑ "FEDERAL ELECTIONS 96 Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. May 1997. p. 11.
Percent of voting age population casting a vote for President: 48.99%
- 1 2 ("National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2023.)("Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. December 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2018.) ("Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2016". United States Census Bureau. May 2017. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2017.)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "FEDERAL ELECTIONS 2016 -- Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. December 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cite error: The named reference
FECwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ↑ "Federal Elections 2016" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. December 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- ↑ Table A-1. Reported Voting and Registration by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex and Age Groups: November 1964 to 2020 Archived August 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Census Bureau.
- 1 2 "2020 November General Election Turnout Rates". electproject.org. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
- ↑ "2016 November General Election Turnout Rates". electproject.org.
- ↑ Choi, Matthew (October 31, 2019). "Trump, a symbol of New York, is officially a Floridian now". Politico. Archived from the original on January 6, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
- ↑ See "Alternative methods for choosing electors" under Electoral College.
- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
- ↑ Presidential Election of 1796, retrieved on November 5, 2009.
- 1 2 "John Adams: Campaigns and Elections—Miller Center". millercenter.org. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Inside America's first dirty presidential campaign, 1796 style". Constitution Daily. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
- ↑ Jeffrey L. Pasley, The First Presidential Contest: 1796 and the Founding of American Democracy (2013)
- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016.
- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
- ↑ Cite error: The named reference
sabato1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ↑ Horsman, Reginald (1969). The War of 1812. Knopf. ISBN 9780413271402.
- ↑ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1965). The Oxford History of the American People. New York: Oxford. p. 383.
- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
- ↑ Howe 2007, p. 268.
- ↑ Stahr 2012, pp. 24–26.
- ↑ Taylor, Anne-Marie (2001). Young Charles Sumner and the Legacy of the American Enlightenment, 1811–1851. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 40. ISBN 9781558493001.
- ↑ Cite error: The named reference
Dubinwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ↑ Kish, J.N. "U.S. Population 1776 to Present". Google Fusion Tables. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
- ↑ Waldstreicher, David (Winter 2010). "The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828./Vindicating Andrew Jackson: The 1828 Election and the Rise of the Two Party System". Journal of the Early Republic. 30 (4): 674–678.
- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ↑ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ↑ Cite error: The named reference
FEC1996was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ↑ Cite error: The named reference
o042was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ↑ "Trump pulls off biggest upset in U.S. history". Politico. November 9, 2016. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ↑ Sabato, Larry; Kondik, Kyle; Skelley, Geoffrey (2017). Trumped: The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7 (The popular vote results mentioned here are slightly different from the official results published in December 2017.). ISBN 9781442279407.
- ↑ McPhate, Mike (May 6, 2016). "Trump Naysayers: How Wrong They Were". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2024. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
- ↑ Becker, Bernie (February 13, 2016). "Trump's six populist positions" Archived October 31, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Politico. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
- ↑ Nicholas Confessore & Karen Yourish, "Measuring Donald Trump's Mammoth Advantage in Free Media" Archived November 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times (March 16, 2016).
- ↑ Walsh, Kenneth. "How Donald Trump's Media Dominance Is Changing the 2016 Campaign". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
- ↑ Chozick, Amy (March 4, 2016). "Clinton Offers Economic Plan Focused on Jobs" Archived March 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
- ↑ Wallace, Gregory (November 8, 2016). "Negative ads dominate in campaign's final days" Archived March 9, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. CNN. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
- ↑ Cassidy, John (November 5, 2016). "Closing Arguments: The Logic of Negative Campaigning" Archived March 9, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. The New Yorker. Retrieved March 8, 2018. "This Presidential campaign has been the most bitter in recent American history."
- ↑ Pew Research Center (November 21, 2016). "Voters' evaluations of the campaign: Campaign viewed as heavy on negative campaigning, light on issues" Archived March 9, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 8, 2018
- ↑ Tiefenthaler, Ainara (March 14, 2016). "Trump's History of Encouraging Violence" Archived November 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
- ↑ Nguyen, Tina (March 11, 2016). "Donald Trump's Rallies Are Becoming Increasingly Violent" Archived May 9, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
- ↑ Jacobs, Ben (March 11, 2016). "Trump campaign dogged by violent incidents at rallies" Archived March 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
- ↑ McCarthy, Justin (July 1, 2016). "Americans' Reactions to Trump, Clinton Explain Poor Images" Archived August 21, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Gallup News. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
- ↑ "News Coverage of the 2016 National Conventions: Negative News, Lacking Context". Shorenstein Center. September 21, 2016. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
- ↑ "Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election | Berkman Klein Center". cyber.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
- ↑ Wang, Sam (November 8, 2016). "Final Projections 2016". Princeton Election Consortium. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
- ↑ "2016 Election Forecast". HuffPost. November 8, 2016. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
- ↑ "Did Clinton win more votes than any white man in history?". BBC News. December 12, 2016. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
- ↑ Abramowitz, Alan I. (June 25, 2020). "Do Campaign Visits Pay Off? Evidence from the 2016 Presidential Election". Sabato's Crystal Ball. Retrieved August 31, 2025.
Following the election, there was considerable speculation that Trump's victory was due in part to the fact that he spent more time than Clinton campaigning in some of these swing states, including Wisconsin, which Clinton did not visit once during the campaign.
- ↑ Carnes, Nicholas; Lupu, Noam. "The White Working Class and the 2016 Election" (PDF). noamlupu.com. Noam Lupu. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
White working-class Americans have been supporting Republican presidential candidates at higher rates in recent elections, but that process long predates 2016, and narratives that center on Trump's alleged appeal obscure this important long-term trend.
- ↑ McQuarrie, Michael (November 2017). "The revolt of the Rust Belt: place and politics in the age of anger". The British Journal of Sociology. 68 (S1): S120–S152. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12328. ISSN 0007-1315. PMID 29114874. S2CID 26010609.
- ↑ "Could Sanders voters help Trump win the White House again?". NBC News. March 8, 2020. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
- ↑ Kurtzleben, Danielle (August 24, 2017). "Here's How Many Bernie Sanders Supporters Ultimately Voted For Trump". NPR. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
- ↑ "2016 Presidential Ballot Access Map". July 14, 2016. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
- ↑ "Presidential Election of 2016". 270toWin.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
- ↑ Miller, Greg; Entous, Adam (January 6, 2017). "Declassified report says Putin 'ordered' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
- ↑ Eichenwald, Kurt (January 10, 2017). "Trump, Putin and the hidden history of how Russia interfered in the U.S. presidential election". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
- ↑ "Intelligence Report on Russian Hacking". The New York Times. January 6, 2017. p. 11. Archived from the original on January 8, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
- ↑ Rosenstein, Rod (May 17, 2017). "Rod Rosenstein's Letter Appointing Mueller Special Counsel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
- ↑ "Grand Jury Indicts Thirteen Russian Individuals and Three Russian Companies for Scheme to Interfere in the United States Political System". United States Department of Justice. February 16, 2018. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
- ↑ Mueller Report Archived April 19, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, vol. I, p. 1: "The Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election in sweeping and systematic fashion. [...] Although the investigation established that the Russian government perceived it would benefit from a Trump presidency and worked to secure that outcome, and that the Campaign expected it would benefit electorally from information stolen and released through Russian efforts, the investigation did not establish that members of the Trump Campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities."
- ↑ Geller, Eric (April 18, 2019). "Collusion aside, Mueller found abundant evidence of Russian election plot". Politico. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ↑ "Federal Elections 2016" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. December 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- ↑ Table A-1. Reported Voting and Registration by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex and Age Groups: November 1964 to 2020 Archived August 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Census Bureau.
- ↑ "2016 November General Election Turnout Rates". electproject.org.
- Choi, Matthew (October 31, 2019). "Trump, a symbol of New York, is officially a Floridian now". Politico. Archived from the original on January 6, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
- ↑ Knight, Stef W.; Ahmed, Naema (August 13, 2020). "When and how to vote in all 50 states". Axios. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ↑ McDonald, Michael (November 6, 2020). "2020 General Election Early Vote Statistics". U.S. Elections Project. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ↑ "Biden officially secures enough electors to become president". Associated Press News. December 5, 2020. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
- ↑ "Joe Biden Crosses 80 million votes". Newsweek. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
- ↑ Lewis, Sophie (November 7, 2020). "Joe Biden breaks Obama's record for most votes ever cast for a U.S presidential candidate". CBS News. Archived from the original on December 29, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
- ↑
- Edsall, Thomas B. (June 3, 2020). "Opinion: The George Floyd Election". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- Baker, Peter (September 22, 2020). "With Nothing Else Working, Trump Races to Make a New Supreme Court Justice the Issue". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
- "How Amy Coney Barrett Would Reshape the Court – And the Country". Politico. September 26, 2020. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ↑ Saul, Stephanie; Hakim, Danny (November 3, 2020). "As Counting Begins, a Flood of Mail Ballots Complicates Vote Tallies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ↑ Yoder, Kyle; Tan, April; Martinez-Ruiz, Stefan (March 1, 2024). "The Expansion of Voting Before Election Day, 2000-2024" (PDF). Center for Election Innovation & Research. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
- ↑ Wolf, Zachary (October 17, 2020). "It's not magic, it's math. Here's how CNN makes election projections". CNN. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- ↑ "By the numbers: President Donald Trump's failed efforts to overturn the election". www.usatoday.com. January 6, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
- ↑ Schwartz, Matthew S. (December 5, 2020). "Trump's Legal Losses Come Fast And Furious". NPR.org. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
- ↑ "Trump And His Allies Have Lost Nearly 60 Election Fights In Court (And Counting)". BuzzFeed News. December 14, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
- ↑ Trump, Donald (January 7, 2021). "Video: 'My campaign vigorously pursued every legal avenue to contest the election results...Congress has certified the results. A new administration will be inaugurated on January 20th. My focus now turns to ensuring a smooth, orderly, and seamless transition of power...Serving as your president has been the honor of my lifetime.'". Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021 – via Twitter.
- ↑ Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (January 8, 2021). "Capitol Attack Leads Democrats to Demand That Trump Leave Office". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ↑ Liptak, Kevin; Stracqualursi, Veronica; Malloy, Allie (January 8, 2021). "Trump publicly acknowledges he won't serve a second term a day after inciting mob". CNN. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ↑ New York had ratified the Constitution but its legislature failed to appoint presidential electors on time, while North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified. Vermont governed itself as an unrecognized republic.
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