Wikipedia

Thalapathi

Thalapathi (transl. Commander) is a 1991 Indian Tamil-language crime drama film written and directed by Mani Ratnam, and produced by G. Venkateswaran. The film stars Rajinikanth and Mammootty with Arvind Swamy in his feature-film debut, Jaishankar, Amrish Puri, Srividya, Bhanupriya, Shobana and Geetha in supporting roles. It is about a courageous slum dweller who befriends a powerful gangster and the attempts of a district collector to thwart them.

Thalapathi
Theatrical release poster
Directed byMani Ratnam
Written byMani Ratnam
Produced byG. Venkateswaran
Starring
CinematographySantosh Sivan
Edited by
Music byIlaiyaraaja
Production
company
Distributed byGV Films[1]
Release date
  • 5 November 1991 (1991-11-05)
Running time
167 minutes[2]
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil
Budget₹3 crore[3]

The plot of Thalapathi is based on the friendship between Karna and Duryodhana, characters from the Hindu epic, Mahabharata. Ilaiyaraaja, in his last collaboration with Mani Ratnam, composed the film's score and soundtrack, and the lyrics were written by poet Vaali. The cinematography was handled by Santosh Sivan and the editor was Suresh Urs. Most of the filming took place in Karnataka state. With a budget of ₹3 crore, at the time of its release, Thalapathi was the most expensive South Indian film.

Thalapathi was released on 5 November 1991, Diwali day; it became a critical and commercial success, and won many awards including two Filmfare Awards South: Best Director – Tamil (Ratnam) and Best Music Director – Tamil (Ilaiyaraaja), and two Cinema Express Awards: Best Actor – Tamil (Rajinikanth) and Best Character Actress (Srividya). It was remade in Kannada as Annavru (2003).

Plot

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Fourteen-year-old Kalyani gives birth to a son out of wedlock and, fearing societal ostracization and her own inability to care for him, abandons the infant inside a moving cargo train. The baby is discovered and adopted by a resident of a nearby slum, who names him Surya. Growing up, Surya becomes highly intolerant of systemic injustice inflicted upon the underprivileged, while constantly questioning why his biological mother abandoned him; his only link to his past is the yellow shawl in which he was wrapped as an infant. Concurrently, Devaraj is a powerful, parallel-justice gang lord who uses violence to combat societal exploitation, making him both feared and respected. When Ramana, a tyrannical henchman working under Devaraj, terrorizes the local slum, Surya intercedes and kills him. Surya is arrested and subjected to police torture, but Devaraj intervenes to secure his release after realizing that Ramana's actions were predatory and that Surya's cause was genuine. Recognizing their shared ideology, Devaraj appoints Surya as his Thalapathi (commander) and chief confidant, forming an unbreakable bond of friendship.

Meanwhile, Arjun, an upright Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, is appointed as the city's new District Collector with a mandate to lawfully dismantle organized crime syndicates. Arjun is Kalyani's second son; after abandoning Surya, she had married Krishnamoorthy, a supportive man, and built a legitimate life as a physician and social worker, though she remains privately consumed by guilt over her lost firstborn. Concurrently, Surya is courted by Subbulaxmi, a Brahmin woman drawn to his protective nature. While Devaraj attempts to facilitate a marriage between them, Subbulaxmi’s traditionalist father fiercely objects to Surya’s violent lifestyle and instead arranges her marriage to Arjun.

As Arjun wages a legal campaign against Devaraj and Surya, Surya is confronted by Padma, Ramana's grieving widow. Riddled with guilt over leaving Padma destitute, Surya confesses his remorse to Devaraj. To secure Padma and her young daughter's safety and rehabilitation, Devaraj suggests that Surya marry her. Surya agrees, and over time, he earns the trust and affection of Padma and her child.

During a local medical camp, Kalyani notices Padma's daughter wrapped in the distinctive yellow shawl. Following inquiries and a subsequent police lineup identification, Kalyani and Krishnamoorthy deduce that Surya is her long-lost firstborn. Krishnamoorthy secretly confronts Surya to reveal his lineage. Shocked but protective of his mother's reputation, Surya requests that Krishnamoorthy keep his identity a secret from Kalyani, fearing the knowledge that her son became a notorious vigilante would devastate her. However, Kalyani eventually discovers the truth herself and confronts Surya. Overcome with maternal emotion, she pleads for peace; Surya relents, vowing never to harm his half-brother Arjun under any circumstance.

The long-standing feud between Devaraj and his chief underworld rival, Kalivardhan, reaches a crisis point. Surya confesses his true lineage to Devaraj, who is deeply moved that Surya intends to honor their friendship over his newfound family ties. Touched by this loyalty, Devaraj decides to peacefully surrender to Arjun to end the cycle of violence. However, as Devaraj and Surya arrive to meet Arjun, Kalivardhan's assassins ambush them. Surya is wounded, and Devaraj is fatally shot. Enraged on losing his only friend, the injured Surya storms Kalivardhan's compound and kills Kalivardhan and his henchmen. He surrenders to the police but is exonerated due to lack of witness testimony and evidence. Arjun is transferred to a different state and departs with Subbulaxmi, while Kalyani chooses to remain with Surya.

Cast

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Production

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Development

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Rajinikanth was a friend of Mani Ratnam's brother G. Venkateswaran of GV Films, and they were talking about making a film together. Ratnam had met Rajinikanth twice because he had expressed interest in working with Ratnam, who had nothing for him then.[10] Ratnam needed a film with scope for Rajinikanth's stardom but would remain Ratnam's film. Ratnam wanted something Rajinikanth could not refuse and that Ratnam really wanted to do. Soon the concept of the story of Karna from the Indian epic Mahabharata, which became the basis for Thalapathi and was a contemporary version of the Mahabharata from Karna's perspective, came up.[10] Ratnam wanted to present a realistic Rajinikanth, which he saw in Mullum Malarum (1978) without his style elements and larger-than-life image.[11][12] Thalapathi was cinematographer Santosh Sivan's first film in Tamil,[13] and his first project with Ratnam. He was chosen after the director was impressed with his work in the Hindi film Raakh (1989).[14] The film was edited by Suresh Urs, and art-directed by Thota Tharani.[2] Thalapathi remains the only collaboration between Ratnam and Rajinikanth.[15]

Casting

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Rajinikanth played Surya, who is a representation of Karna.[3] Rajinikanth insisted Karna's friend Duryodhana, who is important to the story, was correctly cast; Mammootty was eventually cast as Devaraj, the equivalent of Duryodhana.[16] He was then filming for Joshiy's Kuttettan (1990) and initially declined the role after listening to Ratnam's narration of the story, but after advice from Joshiy, accepted.[17] For the role of Surya's brother Arjun, Ratnam wanted someone with a sophisticated look and fluency in English.[18] Mammootty suggested Jayaram to Ratnam for the role, but Jayaram declined due to scheduling conflicts.[19] Ratnam saw Arvind Swamy in a television commercial and approached him to play Arjun; after a few screen tests, Arvind – who was only credited with his first name – was cast in his feature-film debut.[20] Mammootty was paid ₹10 lakh (equivalent to ₹86 lakh or US$90,000 in 2023)[a] and Amrish Puri, who portrayed the antagonist Kalivardhan, and shaved his head for the role, received ₹5 lakh (equivalent to ₹43 lakh or US$45,000 in 2023)[a] for only five days of filming.[3][21]

Despite being almost three years younger than Rajinikanth, Srividya was cast as Surya's mother Kalyani.[4][22][23] Mohini was the original choice for the role that Bhanupriya eventually played.[24] When Bhanupriya was cast as the widow of a man killed by Surya, whom she later marries, Ratnam told her there would be no songs for her because Surya "was the cause of her husband's death. So it can't be the start of a new romantic track".[18] Ratnam said the casting of Bhanupriya showed "there was some weight to the character, and you don't have to invest in terms of songs and things like that. Her very presence makes the character strong".[25] Shobana was cast as Subbulaxmi, her second film role opposite Rajinikanth after Siva (1989).[26] Manoj K. Jayan was cast as Manoharan – his first role in Tamil cinema – after Ratnam was impressed with his performance in the Malayalam film Perumthachan (1990).[27]

Filming

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Rayagopura, Melkote seen in the song "Rakkamma"

Principal photography began before the role of Arjun had been cast.[18] Ratnam said he chose to film in Mysore, Karnataka, because it had everything the script required, including a waterfront and a river.[28] According to Sivan, Ratnam chose Mysore because "there'd be less people" having extreme adulation for Rajinikanth.[29] The slum scenes were filmed in Madras on a set that was erected by Thota Tharani.[28]

The first scene to be filmed was Subbulaxmi teaching a group of students by a river. Because the rising sun was important to the scene, it was filmed earlier than 5:45 am. By the time Rajinikanth came to film his part in the scene, the sun had already risen. To avoid continuity errors, he filmed after 4:30 am the next day.[30] When filming against the "early morning or the late evening sun" was not possible, the crew used tungsten lights and mirrors to create the intended effect.[31]

Ratnam chose to film the prologue in which Kalyani gives birth to Surya in black and white because according to him, "Black and white gives the sense of this being a prologue without us having to define it as a prologue".[32] He delayed filming the scene in which Surya meets his biological mother for the first time by a day at the request of Rajinikanth, who needed more time to prepare.[33]

The songs "Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu" and "Sundari Kannal" were filmed at Rayagopura, Melukote and Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura – both in Karnataka – respectively.[34][35] "Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu" was filmed over several nights, and choreographed by Prabhu Deva and his father Mugur Sundar.[7] Rajinikanth wore Samurai apparel for "Sundari Kannal"; according to The Hindu's S. Shiva Kumar, this was the closest Ratnam came to doing something like his idol Akira Kurosawa.[36] With a budget of ₹30 million (equivalent to ₹260 million or US$2.7 million in 2023),[a] Thalapathi was the most expensive South Indian film at the time.[3]

Themes

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Thalapathi is a contemporary adaptation of the Mahabharata but because the film's focus is Surya, it dispenses with the epic's ensemble nature.[32] The character Subbulaxmi is based on Draupadi, Arjun on Arjuna and Kalyani on Kunti.[38] The film was not originally publicised as an adaptation of the Mahabharata; Ratnam said this was because the "parallels are hidden sufficiently inside the story to make it work. That is the way I wanted it – at a layer below and not crying out loud".[39] Venkateswaran said the film "questions people's normally held ideas of friendship".[40] According to New Straits Times, the film does not extol crime or violence; rather it narrates the story of a tragic character who rises from slums to gain untold riches and unbridled power.[41]

Ratnam refused to name Surya's father, saying the film "consciously avoids the who and the how of the underage girl's first love" because Surya is the focus of the story.[42] The name Surya was chosen to emphasise the character's connection to the sun, similar to the way Karna is the son of the sun god Surya in the Mahabharata.[4] Ratnam never considered killing Surya, unlike the Mahabharata in which Karna dies, because he felt the character had suffered enough, and "his death would look too doomed, too tragic".[43]

Soundtrack

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The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja, with lyrics written by Vaali.[44][7] Thalapathi marked the final collaboration among Ilaiyaraaja and Ratnam, as the latter had associated with A. R. Rahman for his later projects, beginning with Roja (1992).[7] The original Tamil version of the soundtrack album includes seven songs with lyrics that were written by Vaali.[45] The six songs of the Hindi-dubbed version Dalapathi were written by P. K. Mishra.[46] Rajasri wrote the lyrics for the Telugu-dubbed version.[47] Lahari Music released the Kannada-dubbed version of the film's soundtrack which was titled Nanna Dalapathi, and V. Nagendra Prasad penned its lyrics.[48]

Marketing

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In a first-of-its-kind marketing strategy in India, GV Films launched "a whole range of consumer products" based on the lead character of Thalapathi. As part of the marketing strategy, all products would be "of the highest quality" and sport the film's name.[49]

Release

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Thalapathi was released on 5 November 1991[50] during the Diwali festival. The film was a major critical and commercial success.[51][52]

Reception

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On 8 November 1991, The Hindu said; "Moving his pieces with the acumen of an international grandmaster, the director sets a hot pace".[6] The same day, N. Krishnaswamy of The Indian Express said; "One reason why Thalapathi, despite its visual grandeur is not as riveting as it should have been is that it does not have a strong antagonist".[53] On 1 December 1991, the review board of Ananda Vikatan praised Ilaiyaraaja's music, called the film a mountain of a masala entertainer, and said Rajinikanth had several scenes in which he could emote and that he looks a caged lion left in the open.[54] The magazine Kalki wrote a review of the film as a discussion panel alongside directors S. P. Muthuraman and Mahendran reviewing the film. In that review, the film's cast performances, cinematography and music were praised but the violence was criticised.[55]

Accolades

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Event Award Recipient Ref.
39th Filmfare Awards South Best Director – Tamil Mani Ratnam [56]
Best Music Director – Tamil Ilaiyaraaja
12th Cinema Express Awards Best Actor – Tamil Rajinikanth [57]
Best Character Actress Srividya
Film Fans Association Awards Best Character Actress Srividya [58]
Best Photographer Santosh Sivan

Legacy

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C. S. Amudhan said Thalapathi was "really ahead of its time" and called it "intellectual entertaining cinema". Karthik Subbaraj said he watched the film during his childhood. Subbaraj's 2014 film Jigarthanda includes several references to Thalapathi. Rajinikanth's daughter, director Soundarya, said; "I remember Thalapathy most vividly as that was the first time I went for a first-day-first-show ever".[59] Mammootty's performance in the scene in which Devaraj tells Arjun "mudiyathu" (transl. not possible) after being asked to surrender everything inspired director Mahi V Raghav to cast him in Yatra (2019).[60]

Tamizh Padam (2010) parodied Thalapathi by featuring scenes with characters who are dimly lit and speak one-word dialogues.[61] Atlee, who directed Raja Rani (2013), cites Thalapathi as the main inspiration that led him to consider a career in cinema.[62] Soundarya has stated Rajinikanth's hairstyle in her directorial venture Kochadaiiyaan (2014) was inspired by his appearance in Thalapathi.[63] Baradwaj Rangan compared Kadal (2013) to Thalapathi, both of which feature a character "who yearns for a lost mother and who is coerced into a life of crime".[64]

Remakes

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Thalapathi was remade in Kannada as Annavru (2003).[65] In November 2011, producer Bharat Shah acquired the Hindi remake rights,[66] despite having a Hindi dubbed version for this film released in 1993.[67]

Re-release

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The film was remastered and re-released on 12 December 2024, coinciding with Rajinikanth's 74th birthday.[68][69]

Notes

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  1. 1 2 3 The 1991 exchange rate was 17.90 Indian rupees (₹) to one US dollar ($).[37]

References

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  1. ↑ "தளபதி". Dina Thanthi (in Tamil). 24 December 1991. p. 12.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rangan 2012, p. 291.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Shetty, Kavitha; Kumar, Kalyan; Viswanathan, Anand (15 November 1991). "Mani Rantam's multicrore film promises electrifying experience with southern superstar cast". India Today. Archived from the original on 28 June 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ramachandran 2014, p. 136.
  5. ↑ Rangarajan, Malathi (23 August 2012). "Candour, Charuhasan style". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  6. 1 2 Ramachandran, Naman, ed. (2012). Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special. Kasturi & Sons Ltd. p. 73.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Ramachandran 2014, p. 140.
  8. ↑ ""எம்.ஜி.ஆர் கொடுத்த வாழ்க்கை, ரஜினியின் சிபாரிசு, அஜித்தின் டெடிகேஷன்..!" – 'தளபதி' தினேஷ்". Cinema Vikatan (in Tamil). 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 8 December 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  9. ↑ அப்ரின் (8 January 2024). "Actor Tarun: 10 வயதில் தேசிய விருது.. காணாமல் போன "புன்னகை தேசம்" தருண்.. இப்போ என்ன செய்கிறார் தெரியுமா?". ABP Nadu (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  10. 1 2 Rangan 2012, pp. 106–107.
  11. ↑ Rangan 2012, p. 108.
  12. ↑ Ramachandran 2014, p. 139.
  13. ↑ "Thalapathy was Santosh Sivan's first Tamil film". The Times of India. 18 January 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  14. ↑ Rangan 2012, p. 113.
  15. ↑ Ramachandran 2014, p. 135.
  16. ↑ Rangan 2012, p. 107.
  17. ↑ "When Mammootty said 'yes' to Mani Ratnam's Thalapathi on Joshiy's advice". Onmanorama. 6 September 2021. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  18. 1 2 3 Rangan 2012, p. 114.
  19. ↑ "When Jayram Rejected Mani Ratnam's Thalapathi". The Times of India. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  20. ↑ Ramachandran 2014, p. 137.
  21. ↑ "How many of these films of Bollywood's favourite villain, Amrish Puri, have you seen yet?". The New Indian Express. 22 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  22. ↑ Ramachandran 2014, p. 4.
  23. ↑ ராம்ஜி, வி. (24 July 2020). "'கேள்வியின் நாயகி... ஆச்சரிய நாயகி' ஸ்ரீவித்யா". Hindu Tamil Thisai (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  24. ↑ Rajasekar, Nagalekshmi (9 November 2025). "தளபதி நான் நடிக்க வேண்டிய படம், இனி ரஜினி படத்தில் நடிக்க மாட்டேன்: கண்ணழகி நடிகை ஓபன் டாக்!" [I was supposed to act in Thalapathi, hereafter I won't act in any Rajini film: Beautiful eyed actress' open talk]. The Indian Express (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 11 November 2025. Retrieved 11 November 2025.
  25. ↑ Rangan 2012, p. 116.
  26. ↑ "Did You Know, Rajinikanth hesitated to hold Shobana's feet in THIS super hit film". The Times of India. 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  27. ↑ Mannath, Malini (13 November 2003). "From across the border". Chennai Online. Archived from the original on 26 November 2003. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  28. 1 2 Rangan 2012, p. 106.
  29. ↑ Ramachandran 2014, p. 138.
  30. ↑ Ramachandran 2014, pp. 137–138.
  31. ↑ Nathan, Archana (4 April 2018). "Santosh Sivan on his lengthy collaboration with Mani Ratnam: 'Every film is different'". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  32. 1 2 Rangan 2012, p. 104.
  33. ↑ Ramachandran 2014, pp. 139–140.
  34. ↑ Aishwarya, S. (3 July 2010). "Indian locations provide stunning backdrops for film shoots". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  35. ↑ Ramachandran 2014, p. 169.
  36. ↑ Kumar, S. Shiva (5 October 2018). "Mani is the matter: on Chekka Chivantha Vaanam". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  37. ↑ "Rupee's journey since Independence: Down by 65 times against dollar". The Economic Times. 24 August 2013. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  38. ↑ Parande, Shweta (18 June 2010). "'Raavan', 'Raajneeti': Epic inspirations in Indian cinema". News18. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  39. ↑ Rangan 2012, p. 110.
  40. ↑ Zubin, Kharleez (19 November 1991). "G.V. has the right mix for art and profit". New Straits Times. p. 28. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020 – via Google News Archive.
  41. ↑ "Crime cuts through race". New Straits Times. 12 September 2000. p. 12. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2021 – via Google News Archive.
  42. ↑ Rangan 2012, p. 105.
  43. ↑ Rangan 2012, p. 109.
  44. ↑ "Thalapathi Tamil Audio Cassettes By Ilaiyaraaja". Banumass. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  45. ↑ "Thalapathi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". Apple Music. Archived from the original on 7 July 2026. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  46. ↑ "Hindi Film Songs – Dalpati (1991)". MySwar. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  47. ↑ "Dalapathi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". Apple Music. January 1991. Archived from the original on 7 July 2026. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  48. ↑ "Nanna Dalapathi". Spotify. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  49. ↑ "Unique Marketing Opportunity". The Indian Express. 7 June 1991. p. 2. Retrieved 7 August 2020 – via Google News Archive.
  50. ↑ "Thalapathi". The Indian Express. 5 November 1991. p. 11. Retrieved 28 October 2017 – via Google News Archive.
  51. ↑ Ramachandran 2014, p. 141.
  52. ↑ Krishnakumar, R (4 November 2021). "Friend, Son, Man, Messiah". The Federal. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  53. ↑ Krishnaswamy, N. (8 November 1991). "Thalapathi". The Indian Express. p. 7. Retrieved 25 July 2017 – via Google News Archive.
  54. ↑ Vikatan Review Board (1 December 1991). "சினிமா விமர்சனம் : தளபதி". Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  55. ↑ "தளபதி" (PDF). Kalki (in Tamil). 24 November 1991. pp. 49–52. Retrieved 1 September 2023 – via Internet Archive.
  56. ↑ "39th Annual Filmfare Awards Nite". Filmfare. Retrieved 25 February 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  57. ↑ "'Chinnathambhi' bags Cinema Express award". The Indian Express. 25 February 1992. p. 3. Retrieved 5 September 2020 – via Google News Archive.
  58. ↑ "Kamal adjudged best actor for role in Guna". The Indian Express. 22 June 1992. p. 3. Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Google News Archive.
  59. ↑ Kamath, Sudhish; Manigandan, K. R. (12 November 2012). "Blasts from the past". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  60. ↑ Menon, Neelima (7 February 2019). "Mammootty's pan-Indian appeal proves he's a bonafide star regardless of how Yatra performs". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  61. ↑ Krishnan, Nandini (8 March 2013). "Everything You Know about Tamil Films Is Probably Wrong". Open. Archived from the original on 5 January 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  62. ↑ Chowdhary, Y. Sunita (15 March 2014). "Atlee displays his chops". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  63. ↑ "Mani Ratnam inspired to make Kochadaiyaan!". The Times of India. 4 April 2012. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  64. ↑ Rangan, Baradwaj (3 February 2013). ""Kadal"... Coast analysis". Baradwaj Rangan. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  65. ↑ "Tamil film Raam to be remade in Kannada". The Times of India. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  66. ↑ Thakkar, Mehul S (21 November 2011). "Thalapathi goes to Bollywood". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  67. ↑ Ramesh, K.V (14 August 2017). "Maniratnam's Roja: Bridging the North-South divide". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  68. ↑ Shrijith, Sajin (12 December 2024). "33 years later, the emotional impact of Mani Ratnam's 'Thalapathi' remains intact". The Week. Archived from the original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
  69. ↑ "Rajinikanth 74th birthday: All about Thalapathi re-release in theatres". CNBC TV18. 12 December 2024. Archived from the original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2024.

Bibliography

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