Regional trial court

Regional Trial Court
Regional Trial Court
Panrehiyong Hukuman sa Paglilitis
Composition method	Presidential appointment from the short-list submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council
Appeals to	Court of Appeals of the Philippines, Sandiganbayan
Appeals from	Metropolitan trial courts; Municipal trial courts in cities; Municipal trial courts; Municipal circuit trial courts;
Division map

Regional trial courts (RTC; Filipino: Panrehiyong Hukuman sa Paglilitis)^[1] are the highest trial courts in the Philippines. They exercise original jurisdiction over major criminal and civil cases, as well as appellate jurisdiction over certain cases decided by lower courts.

History

It was formerly called as the Court of First Instance since the Spanish colonial period (Filipino: Hukumang Unang Dulugan, Spanish: Tribunal de Primera Instancia). It continued throughout its colonization under Spanish and Americans.^[2] After the independence from the United States, Republic Act No. 296 or Judiciary Act of 1948 was enacted to reinforce its jurisdictional powers of the Court of First Instance. Under its law, it has the power to try civil and criminal cases, as well as appeals from the decisions made by the municipality and city Justice of the Peace courts.^[3]

There were numerous cases (both civil and criminal) yet to be resolved or being delayed for years due to their nature. In addition, there were special courts made to try specialized cases like criminal, agricultural, and family to decongest cases, which ended up complicating the judiciary system. Therefore, the Interim Batasang Pambansa passed Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, or The Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980, which reorganized the lower and intermediate courts in the country, which included the change of Court of First Instance to Regional Trial Court.

Jurisdiction

Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, or The Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980, and Republic Act No. 7691, or An Act Expanding the Jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts of 1994, as amended, gave the Regional Trial Courts the following jurisdiction:^[4]^[5]^[6]

Civil

In all civil actions in which the subject of the litigation is incapable of pecuniary estimation;
In all civil actions that involve the title to, or possession of, real property, or any interest therein, where the assessed value exceeds ₱400,000, except for forcible entry into and unlawful detainer of lands or buildings, original jurisdiction over which is conferred upon the Metropolitan Trial Courts, and Municipal Trial Courts in Cities, Municipal Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts.
In all actions in admiralty and maritime jurisdiction where the demand or claims exceeds ₱2,000,000.
In all matters of probate, both estate and intestate, where the gross value of the estate exceeds ₱2,000,000.
In all actions involving the contract of marriage and marital relations.
In all cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court, tribunal, person or body exercising jurisdiction of any court, tribunal, person or body exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions.
In all civil actions and special proceedings falling within the exclusive original jurisdiction of a Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court and of the Court of Agrarian Relations as now provided by law.
In all other cases in which the demand, exclusive of interest, damages of whatever kind, attorney's fees, litigation expenses and costs or the value of the property in controversy exceeds ₱2,000,000.

Criminal

Regional Trial Courts shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in all criminal cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court, tribunal or body, except those now falling under the exclusive and concurrent jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan which shall hereafter be exclusively taken cognizance of by the latter. RTC Criminal Courts typically try cases of serious crimes like murder and robbery, as opposed to petty crimes, which reduce the burden of court cases.

Original and special jurisdiction

Regional Trial Courts shall exercise original jurisdiction:

In the issuance of writs of certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus and injunction which may be enforced in any part of their respective regions.
In actions affecting ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls.

The Supreme Court may designate certain branches of the Regional Trial Courts to handle exclusively criminal cases, juvenile and domestic relations cases, agrarian cases, urban land reform cases that do not fall under the jurisdiction of quasi-judicial bodies and agencies, and/or such other special cases as the Supreme Court may determine in the interest of a speedy and efficient administration of justice.

Appeals from lower courts

Regional Trial Courts shall exercise appellate jurisdiction over all cases decided by Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts in their respective territorial jurisdictions. Such cases shall be decided on the basis of the entire record of the proceedings had in the court of origin and such memoranda and/or briefs as may be submitted by the parties or required by the Regional Trial Courts. The decision of the Regional Trial Courts in such cases shall be appealable by petition for review to the Court of Appeals which may give it due course only when the petition shows prima facie that the lower court has committed an error of fact or law that will warrant a reversal or modification of the decision or judgment sought to be reviewed.

List

Pursuant to Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, otherwise known as the Judicial Reorganization Act of 1980, each province or city (in the case of Metro Manila and other cities chartered by law) shall have a branch of the regional trial court. Congress may create additional RTC branches by law when necessary.

The following is a list of regional trial courts and their branches.^[7]

Judicial region	No. of branches	Province	City/Municipality	Branches^[a]
National Capital	336	Caloocan		120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 232, 1-FC
		Las Piñas		197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 253, 254, 255, 275, 2-FC
		Makati		56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 3-FC
		Malabon		72, 73, 74, 169, 170, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 4-FC
		Mandaluyong		208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 5-FC
		Manila		1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 6-FC
		Marikina		156, 165, 168, 263, 192, 193, 272, 273, 7-FC
		Muntinlupa		203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 256, 276, 8-FC
		Navotas		286, 287, 288, 9-FC
		Parañaque		194, 195, 196, 257, 258, 259, 260, 274, 294, 295, 296, 10-FC
		Pasay		108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 231, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 11-FC
		Pasig		67, 71, 151, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 161, 164, 166, 167, 261, 262, 265, 268, 12-FC
		Quezon City		76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 13-FC
		San Juan		68, 160, 162, 264, 14-FC
		Taguig		69, 70, 153, 163, 266, 267, 271, 15-FC
		Valenzuela		75, 171, 172, 269, 270, 282, 283, 284, 285, 16-FC
First	97	Abra	Bangued	1, 2, 1-FC
		Abra	Bucay	58
		Baguio		3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 59, 60, 61, 78, 79, 2-FC
		Benguet	Buguias	64
		Benguet	La Trinidad	8, 9, 10, 62, 63, 3-FC
		Dagupan		40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 76, 15-FC
		Ilocos Norte	Bangui	19
			Batac	17, 18, 6-FC
			Dingras	5-FC
			Laoag	11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 65, 4-FC
		Ilocos Sur	Cabugao	24
			Candon	23, 71, 8-FC
			Narvacan	22, 72, 9-FC
			Tagudin	25
			Vigan	20, 21, 74, 7-FC
		La Union	Agoo	31, 32
			Balaoan	34
			Bauang	33, 67, 11-FC
			San Fernando	26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 66, 10-FC
		Mountain Province	Bontoc	35, 36, 12-FC
		Mountain Province	Paracelis	80
		Pangasinan	Alaminos	54, 55, 75, 17-FC
			Asingan	81
			Burgos	70
			Lingayen	37, 39, 68, 69, 14-FC
			Rosales	53
			San Carlos	56, 57, 77, 13-FC
			Tayug	51, 52
			Urdaneta	45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 73, 16-FC
			Villasis	50
Second	49	Apayao	Luna	26
		Batanes	Basco	13
		Cagayan	Aparri	6, 7, 8, 9
			Ballesteros	33
			Sanchez Mira	12
			Solana	2-FC
			Tuao	11
			Tuguegarao	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 1-FC
		Ifugao	Alfonso Lista	15
			Banaue	34
			Lagawe	14, 6-FC
		Isabela	Cabagan	22
			Cauayan	19, 20, 40, 5-FC
			Echague	24
			Ilagan	16, 17, 18, 3-FC
			Roxas	23
		Kalinga	Lubuagan	39
		Kalinga	Tabuk	25, 7-FC
		Nueva Vizcaya	Bambang	30, 37
		Nueva Vizcaya	Bayombong	27, 28, 29, 8-FC
		Quirino	Cabarroguis	31, 32, 9-FC
		Quirino	Maddela	38
		Santiago		21, 35, 36, 4-FC
Third	139	Angeles City		56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 10-FC
		Aurora	Baler	90, 91, 1-FC
		Aurora	Casiguran	101
		Bataan	Balanga	1, 2, 3, 92, 93, 2-FC
			Dinalupihan	5, 96
			Mariveles	4, 94, 95, 3-FC
		Bulacan	Malolos	6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 102, 103, 104, 4-FC
			Meycauayan	121
			San Jose del Monte	120, 5-FC
			Santa Maria	6-FC
		Nueva Ecija	Cabanatuan	23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 86, 8-FC
			Guimba	31, 32, 33
			Gapan	34, 35, 36, 87
			Muñoz	123^[b]
			Palayan	40, 7-FC
			San Jose	38, 39, 122
			Santo Domingo	37, 88, 89
		Olongapo		72, 73, 74, 75, 97, 98, 99, 100, 12-FC
		Pampanga	Guagua	49, 50, 51, 52, 53
			Macabebe	54, 55, 124, 125, 126
			San Fernando	41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 9-FC
		Tarlac	Camiling	68, 112
			Capas	66, 109
			Concepcion	113
			Paniqui	67, 105, 106, 107, 108
			Tarlac City	63, 64, 65, 110, 111, 11-FC
		Zambales	Iba	69, 70, 71, 13-FC
Fourth	204	Batangas	Agoncillo	179^[b]
			Balayan	9, 10, 11
			Batangas City	1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 84, 1-FC
			Lemery	5
			Lipa	12, 13, 85, 2-FC
			Nasugbu	14
			Rosario	87
			Santo Tomas	178^[b]
			Taal	86
			Tanauan	6, 66, 83
		Cavite	Bacoor	19, 89, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119
			Carmona	109
			Cavite City	16, 17, 88
			Dasmariñas	90, 128, 129
			Imus	20, 21, 22, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 4-FC
			Naic	15, 132
			Tagaytay	18, 133, 134, 135, 136, 3-FC
			Trece Martires	23, 130, 131
		Laguna	Biñan	24, 25, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157
			Cabuyao	108
			Calamba	34, 35, 36, 37, 92, 103, 104, 105, 8-FC
			Los Baños	107
			San Pablo	29, 30, 32, 181, 182, 183, 184, 7-FC
			San Pedro	31, 93, 169, 170, 171
			Santa Cruz	26, 27, 28, 91, 176, 6-FC
			Santa Rosa	101, 102, 185, 186
			Siniloan	33, 166
		Lucena		53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 167, 168, 15-FC
		Marinduque	Boac	38, 94, 9-FC
		Occidental Mindoro	Mamburao	44, 10-FC
		Occidental Mindoro	San Jose	45, 46
		Oriental Mindoro	Bongabong	180^[b]
			Calapan	39, 40, 177, 11-FC
			Naujan	12-FC
			Pinamalayan	41, 42
			Roxas	43
		Palawan	Brooke's Point	165
			Coron	163
			Roxas	95, 164
			Taytay	14-FC
		Puerto Princesa		47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 13-FC
		Quezon	Calauag	63
			Catanauan	96
			Gumaca	61, 62, 172, 173
			Infanta	65
			Mauban	64
			Sariaya	16-FC
		Rizal	Antipolo	71, 72, 73, 74, 97, 98, 99, 100, 137, 138, 139, 140, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 17-FC
			Cainta	141^[c], 142^[c], 143, 18-FC
			Binangonan	67, 68, 69, 70
			Morong	78, 79, 80, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162
			San Mateo	75, 76, 77, 174, 175
		Romblon	Cajidiocan	106
			Odiongan	82
			Romblon	81, 19-FC
Fifth	79	Albay	Daraga	2-FC
			Legazpi	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1-FC
			Ligao	11, 12, 13, 14, 4-FC
			Tabaco	15, 16, 17, 18, 3-FC
		Camarines Norte	Daet	38, 39, 40, 41, 5-FC
		Camarines Norte	Labo	64
		Camarines Sur	Calabanga	63
			Iriga	34, 35, 36, 37, 59, 60, 7-FC
			Libmanan	29, 56, 57
			Pili	31, 32, 33, 8-FC
			San Jose	30, 58
		Catanduanes	Virac	42, 43, 9-FC
		Masbate	Aroroy	11-FC
			Cataingan	49
			Masbate City	44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 10-FC
			San Jacinto	50
		Naga		19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 61, 62, 6-FC
		Sorsogon	Bulan	65, 13-FC
			Gubat	54
			Irosin	55
			Sorsogon City	51, 52, 53, 66, 12-FC
Sixth	94	Aklan	Kalibo	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1-FC
		Antique	Bugasong	64
			Culasi	13
			San Jose de Buenavista	10, 11, 12, 2-FC
		Bacolod		41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 78, 79, 60, 7-FC
		Capiz	Mambusao	20, 21
		Capiz	Roxas City	14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 3-FC
		Guimaras	Jordan	65, 4-FC
		Iloilo	Barotac Viejo	66, 70, 71
			Dumangas	68, 6-FC
			Guimbal	67, 72
			Janiuay	76
		Iloilo City		22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 5-FC
		Negros Occidental	Bago	62, 75, 9-FC
			Cadiz	60, 10-FC
			Himamaylan	55, 56, 13-FC
			Kabankalan	61, 8-FC
			La Carlota	63, 74, 14-FC
			Sagay	73
			San Carlos	57, 58, 59, 11-FC
			Silay	40, 69, 12-FC
			Sipalay	77
Seventh	121	Bohol	Carmen	51
			Loay	50
			Tagbilaran	1, 2, 3, 4, 47, 48, 49, 1-FC
			Talibon	52, 101
			Ubay	2-FC
		Cebu	Argao	26, 93, 94
			Barili	60, 95, 96, 97, 98
			Bogo	61, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 10-FC
			Carcar	77, 11-FC
			Danao	25, 90, 91, 92, 9-FC
			Minglanilla	4-FC
			Naga	76, 12-FC
			Oslob	62
			Talisay	65, 66, 7-FC
			Toledo	29, 59, 99, 100, 8-FC
		Cebu City		5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 57, 58, 74, 3-FC
		Lapu-Lapu City		27, 53, 54, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 5-FC
		Mandaue		28, 55, 56, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 6-FC
		Negros Oriental	Bais	45, 75, 18-FC
			Bayawan	63, 15-FC
			Canlaon	19-FC
			Dumaguete	30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 13-FC
			Guihulngan	64, 102, 16-FC
			Mabinay	14-FC
			Tanjay	43, 17-FC
		Siquijor	Larena	46
		Siquijor	Siquijor	20-FC
Eighth	58	Biliran	Caibiran	37
		Biliran	Naval	16, 1-FC
		Eastern Samar	Balangiga	42
			Borongan	1, 2, 2-FC
			Dolores	4, 3-FC
			Guiuan	3
			Oras	5
		Leyte	Abuyog	10
			Baybay	14, 6-FC
			Burauen	15
			Calubian	11
			Carigara	13, 36
			Hilongos	18
			Ormoc	12, 35, 47, 5-FC
			Palompon	17
		Northern Samar	Allen	23
			Catarman	19, 20, 7-FC
			Gamay	38
			Laoang	21, 22
		Samar	Basey	30
			Calbayog	31, 32, 9-FC
			Calbiga	33
			Catbalogan	27, 28, 29, 8-FC
			Gandara	41
			Tarangnan	40
		Southern Leyte	Maasin	24, 25, 10-FC
			San Juan	26
			Sogod	39, 11-FC
		Tacloban		6, 7, 8, 9, 34, 43, 44, 45, 46, 4-FC
Ninth	52	Basilan	Isabela	1, 2, 1-FC
		Sulu	Jolo	3, 10-FC
			Parang	4
			Siasi	25
		Tawi-Tawi	Bongao	5, 2-FC
		Tawi-Tawi	Sapa-Sapa	26
		Zamboanga City		12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 7-FC
		Zamboanga del Norte	Dapitan	4-FC
			Dipolog	6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 3-FC
			Liloy	28, 38
			Sindangan	11, 5-FC
			Siocon	27
		Zamboanga del Sur	Aurora	30
			Molave	23, 8-FC
			Pagadian	18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 6-FC
			San Miguel	29
		Zamboanga Sibugay	Imelda	31
		Zamboanga Sibugay	Ipil	24, 36, 37, 9-FC
Tenth	68	Agusan del Norte	Cabadbaran	34, 2-FC
		Agusan del Sur	Bayugan	7, 3-FC
			Prosperidad	6, 4-FC
			Trento	55
		Bukidnon	Malaybalay	8, 9, 10, 45, 46, 47, 48, 5-FC
			Manolo Fortich	11
			Valencia	6-FC
		Butuan		1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 33, 1-FC
		Cagayan de Oro		17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 11-FC
		Camiguin	Mambajao	28, 7-FC
		Dinagat Islands	San Jose	32, 16-FC
		Misamis Occidental	Calamba	36
			Oroquieta	12, 13, 14, 8-FC
			Ozamiz	15, 35, 50, 9-FC
			Tangub	16, 10-FC
		Misamis Oriental	El Salvador	13-FC
			Gingoog	27, 43, 12-FC
			Initao	44, 49
			Medina	26, 42
		Surigao del Norte	Dapa	31
			Mainit	15-FC
			Surigao City	29, 30, 14-FC
Eleventh	77	Davao City		8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 33, 52, 53, 54, 6-FC
		Davao de Oro	Compostela	56
			Mabini	57
			Nabunturan	3, 1-FC
		Davao del Norte	Panabo	4, 34, 3-FC
			Samal	4-FC
			Tagum	1, 2, 30, 31, 2-FC
		Davao del Sur	Bansalan	21
			Digos	18, 19, 61, 5-FC
			Santa Cruz	7-FC
		Davao Oriental	Baganga	7
			Lupon	32, 9-FC
			Mati	5, 6, 8-FC
		General Santos		22, 23, 35, 36, 37, 55, 58, 59, 60, 11-FC
		Sarangani	Alabel	38, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 10-FC
		South Cotabato	Koronadal	24, 25, 42, 43, 12-FC
			Polomolok	39, 62, 63, 13-FC
			Surallah	26, 44, 45
		Surigao del Sur	Bislig	29, 46, 14-FC
			Cantilan	41
			Lianga	28
			Tandag	27, 40, 15-FC
Twelfth	41	Cotabato	Kabacan	16, 22
			Kidapawan	17, 23, 61, 7-FC
			Midsayap	18, 24, 28, 8-FC
		Cotabato City		13, 14, 27, 5-FC
		Iligan		1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1-FC
		Lanao del Norte	Kapatagan	21
		Lanao del Norte	Tubod	7, 2-FC
		Lanao del Sur	Malabang	11, 12, 4-FC
			Marawi	8, 9, 10, 3-FC
			Wao	26
		Maguindanao del Norte	Datu Odin Sinsuat	6-FC
		Maguindanao del Sur	Shariff Aguak	15
		Sultan Kudarat	Isulan	19, 25, 29, 10-FC
		Sultan Kudarat	Tacurong	20, 30, 9-FC

Notes

↑ FC means family court
1 2 3 4 Not yet organized.
1 2 Temporarily holds office and court sessions in Antipolo.

References

↑ "Sangguniang Panghukuman at Pang-abogasya o Judicial and Bar Council". GOVPH. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
↑ Pangalangan, Raul C. (March 2001). "Overview of the Philippine Judicial System" (PDF). Asian Law Series (5): 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
↑ "R.A. 296". lawphil.net.
↑ "R.A. 7691". lawphil.net.
↑ "B.P. 129". lawphil.net.
↑ "R.A. No. 11576 - An Act Further Expanding the Jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts in Cities, Municipal Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts, Amending for the Purpose Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, otherwise known as "The Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980," As Amended (July 30, 2021)". lawphil.net.
↑ "Updated Territorial Jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Courts pursuant to A.M. No. 24-08-10-SC dated August 6, 2024". Office of the Court Administrator. October 7, 2024.

[8] FC means family court

[notorganized-9] 1 2 3 4 Not yet organized.

[antipolo-10] 1 2 Temporarily holds office and court sessions in Antipolo.

[1] "Sangguniang Panghukuman at Pang-abogasya o Judicial and Bar Council". GOVPH. Retrieved February 19, 2017.

[Pangalangan2001-2] Pangalangan, Raul C. (March 2001). "Overview of the Philippine Judicial System" (PDF). Asian Law Series (5): 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2014.

[3] "R.A. 296". lawphil.net.

[4] "R.A. 7691". lawphil.net.

[5] "B.P. 129". lawphil.net.

[6] "R.A. No. 11576 - An Act Further Expanding the Jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts in Cities, Municipal Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts, Amending for the Purpose Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, otherwise known as "The Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980," As Amended (July 30, 2021)". lawphil.net.

[7] "Updated Territorial Jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Courts pursuant to A.M. No. 24-08-10-SC dated August 6, 2024". Office of the Court Administrator. October 7, 2024.

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