Wikipedia

Olongapo

Olongapo (Tagalog pronunciation: [ʔoˌloːŋ.ɡɐˈpo]), officially the City of Olongapo (Filipino: Lungsod ng Olongapo; Ilocano: Siudad ti Olongapo; Sambal: Siyodad nin Olongapo; Kapampangan: Lakanbalen ning Olongapo or Ciudad ning Olongapo), is a highly urbanized city in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 264,903 people.[11]

Olongapo
Highly urbanized city
From top, left to right: Business district in Olongapo, Ulo ng Apo Monument, City Hall, Harbor Point (Subic), SM City Olongapo Central
Flag of Olongapo
Flag
Official seal of Olongapo
Seal
Nickname: 
City of Volunteers[1][2]
Motto: 
Transparency and Good Governance[3]
Anthem: Himno ng Olongapo (Hymn of Olongapo)
Map of Central Luzon with Olongapo highlighted
Map of Central Luzon with Olongapo highlighted
Map
Interactive map of Olongapo
Olongapo is located in Philippines
Olongapo
Olongapo
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 14°50′N 120°17′E / 14.83°N 120.28°E / 14.83; 120.28
CountryPhilippines
RegionCentral Luzon
ProvinceZambales (geographically only)
District 1st district
FoundedNovember 4, 1750
CityhoodJune 1, 1966[4]
Highly urbanized cityDecember 7, 1983
Barangays17 (see Barangays)
Government
 [5]
 • TypeSangguniang Panlungsod
 • MayorRolen C. Paulino Jr.
 • Vice MayorKaye Ann S. Legaspi
 • RepresentativeJefferson F. Khonghun
 • City Council
Members
  • Jamiel Jules K. Escalona
  • Vicente H. Magsaysay II
  • Cristabell Marie C. Paulino
  • Rodolfo S. Catalogan Sr.
  • Noel Y. Atienza
  • Eyrma Yvette D. Marzan-Estrella
  • Benjamin G. Cajudo II
  • Angelito W. Baloy
  • Ermelando N. Anonat
  • Jacinto A. Gardon
 • Electorate122,899 voters (2025)
Area
[6]
 • City
185.00 km2 (71.43 sq mi)
 • Metro
472.16 km2 (182.30 sq mi)
Elevation
34 m (112 ft)
Highest elevation
1,281 m (4,203 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2024 census)[7]
 • City
264,903
 • Density1,431.9/km2 (3,708.6/sq mi)
 • Metro
337,811
 • Metro density715.46/km2 (1,853.0/sq mi)
 • Households
66,450
Demonym(s)Olongapeño (masculine)
Olongapeña (Feminine)
Olongapenean
Economy
 • Gross domestic product (GDP)₱59.21 billion (2024)[8]
$1.02 billion (2024)[9]
 • Income class1st city income class
 • Poverty incidence
7.6
% (2021)[10]
 • Revenue₱ 2,221 million (2024)
 • Assets₱ 10,714 million (2024)
 • Expenditure₱ 2,165 million (2024)
 • Liabilities₱ 7,754 million (2024)
Service provider
 • ElectricityOlongapo Electricity Distribution Company (OEDC)
ZIP code
2200, 2222 (Subic Special Economic and Freeport Zone)
PSGC
037107000
Native languagesTagalog
Ilocano
Sambal
Kapampangan
Ambala

Although geographically located within Zambales and grouped with the province by the Philippine Statistics Authority, Olongapo is administratively independent. Portions of the city also form part of the Subic Special Economic and Freeport Zone.

Together with the municipality of Subic, Olongapo forms Metro Olongapo, one of the twelve metropolitan areas in the Philippines.[12]

History

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Spanish colonial era

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In 1868, a Spanish military expedition was dispatched to study the possibility of relocating the Cavite Naval Station in Subic Bay due to its unhealthy conditions.

Spanish King Alfonso XII through a royal decree made Subic Bay (then called Subig) as Spain's stronghold in the Far East in 1884. Vice Admiral Juan Bautista de Antiquiera made Olongapo a settlement for the Spanish Navy.

On March 8, 1885, the Spanish Naval commission authorized the construction of the Arsenal in Olongapo. The Spanish planned to transform their naval station and the village of Olongapo into an island, safeguarding it from potential rebel attacks. The Spanish Navy Yard occupied the entire area east of the Spanish Gate. Employing Filipino labor, they did extensive dredging of the harbor and the inner basin and built a drainage canal. The canal served both to drain the swampy area around the yard and also to form a line of defense.

Within 10 years, the Spaniards had erected walls and markers to fence off the arsenal. They had shops and buildings erected. The Spanish government spent almost fifteen years developing the naval station. From higher naval commands, the order was sent to fortify Grande Island at the mouth of Subic Bay.[13][14][15] In the meantime, during the Philippine Revolution, a fleet led by the Cuban-Filipino Admiral Vicente Catalan seized the naval base at Subic-Olongapo from the Spanish for the First Philippine Republic.

American occupation

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Aerial view of the Olongapo Naval Station in 1928

On May 1, 1898, the construction of the Spanish Administration Building was nearly complete when Admiral Dewey's flagship, USS Olympia, led the Asiatic Fleet into Manila Bay. A detachment of Dewey's fleet bombarded the navy yard. Eventually, after the surrender, Spain relinquished all her rights in the Philippines to the United States. This marked the end of more than three hundred years of Spanish rule over the islands.

Realizing the tremendous importance of Olongapo as a naval facility, the U.S. Navy decided to keep the base in functioning order; US President Theodore Roosevelt, on November 9, 1901, by executive order, reserved the waters of Subic and some of the adjacent lands for naval purposes.

The naval station was widened and with the establishment of the American rule in the Philippines. American defenses in the islands were facilities left by the Spanish Navy which were taken over by the United States.

Olongapo grew in direct proportion to the growth of the naval station. More people came to live in Olongapo since the Navy offered employment. To most Filipinos during that time, it was a welcome change. The promise of a different kind of experience as shop workers and office help induced many young men to leave their farms and fishing boats to work in the Navy Yard. Others finding the lure of the sea irresistible joined the U.S. Navy.

Pre-war Olongapo impressed its visitors as being one of the finest communities in the country, praised for its cleanliness and orderliness.[16][13]

Japanese occupation

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When the war broke out in 1941, the old town was obliterated. Olongapo was twice destroyed.

On December 14, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked Olongapo. Ten days later, the order was given to burn Subic Bay Naval Station and withdraw. Olongapo was set aflame by the Filipinos in anticipation of the Japanese arrival. The USS New York was scuttled in Subic Bay.[17] When the American forces made a last-ditch stand on the Bataan peninsula, the Naval Station was abandoned and most of its facilities were burned before the Japanese came.

In 1945, Olongapo was again bombed, shelled and burned. Joint American and Philippine Commonwealth ground troops aided guerrilla fighters in liberating Olongapo from the Japanese forces. With the exceptions of the Station Chapel (the Olongapo Parish Church before the war) and the Spanish Gate, none of its former landmarks withstood the war. The general headquarters between the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army & Philippine Constabulary were located in Olongapo during and after World War II, and were active until 1946 after operating against the Japanese for the liberation of Central Luzon.

Postwar era

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In 1946, the Philippines was granted independence. Olongapo was one of the principal naval bases retained by the United States. The Navy started rebuilding the town after hostilities ceased. Olongapo was built on a new undeveloped site a couple of miles north of its former location. The prewar town site became part of the base.

The first few years after the war were difficult for the new town, as everything in the new Olongapo was damaged. There were no electric power and no drainage system. The water supply and sanitation facilities were inadequate, and streets were unpaved.[13] Gradually, Olongapo evolved into a new community: new businesses were established, housing projects were planned and civic facilities were restored.

During the Korean War, the United States spent over US$170 million to convert the base into the homeport of the Navy's Seventh Fleet, developing the Cubi Naval Air Station as the largest US installation of its kind in Asia. Naval authorities relocated the residence from the area of the former Public Works Center area to the intersection of what is now known as Rizal Avenue and Ramon Magsaysay Drive, and in the Barangays New Asinan and New Kalalake areas. Zoning of Olongapo was patterned after American practice where streets are constructed along straight lines. The magnitude of facilities construction in the Olongapo and Subic Bay area brought growth and prosperity to Olongapo. By 1956, migrants from nearby towns and provinces had swelled the population to 39,180.[18]

Cityhood

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Bridge leading to NS Subic Bay, 1981

Unlike the rest of the Philippines which gained independence from the United States after World War II in 1946, Olongapo was governed as a part of the United States naval reservation. The Subic Bay Naval Base commanding officer was chairman of the Olongapo town council, school board, and hospital board. Olongapo's 60,000 Filipino residents paid taxes to the US Navy and those accused of crimes involving American servicemen were tried in US Navy courts. In July 1955, Manila mayor Arsenio Lacson announced that American service personnel accused of crimes in Manila would be tried in Philippine courts because of US Navy abuses of Filipinos in Olongapo.

On October 23, 1959, Olongapo was placed under martial law when Robert Grant, the American owner of an Olongapo auto parts store was killed and the US Navy declined to identify or try the Naval Supply Depot sentry who shot him.[19]

Olongapo was the last piece of Philippine territory surrendered by the United States to the country in the 1950s.[13][20] On December 7, 1959, 56,000 acres of land with electrical, telephone and water utilities was relinquished to Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs Felixberto Serrano.[19] The first mayor appointed was civic leader Ruben Geronimo. He was later succeeded by business entrepreneur Ildefonso Arriola.

Six years later, through the efforts of Representative Ramon Magsaysay Jr. in Congress and Senator Genaro Magsaysay in the Senate, President Ferdinand Marcos signed R.A. 4645. Olongapo was reconverted to a chartered city on June 1, 1966.[4]

Olongapo was eventually upgraded to the status of a highly urbanized city (HUC) on December 7, 1983.[citation needed]

Marcos dictatorship era

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The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Olongapo and Zambales.[21][22] During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused[23][24] the Philippine economy to take a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and a significant rise of social unrest.[25][26][27][28]: 43 

With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[29] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses,[30][31] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[32]

In Olongapo, the continuation of the Vietnam war through this period meant the arrival of a constantly growing number of U.S. Sailors to adjacent U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay,[33] which was headed by Manuel Ardonia.[citation needed] The base was visited by 215 ships per month as the Vietnam War peaked in 1967, and it employed 15,000 Filipino civilians.[33]

However, this also meant the rapid growth of prostitution in the areas around the base.[34] The policies of the Marcos administration encouraged the growth of the sex industry[35]: 128  because it increased the flow of higher value currency into the Philippine economy.[36]: 13 

The economies of Olongapo and the nearby areas of Zambales evolved from a largely agricultural orientation at the end of the 1960s[35][36] towards one built around sex industry related businesses such as bars by the mid-1970s.[35][36] The nightclubs along Ramon Magsaysay Drive between the naval base main gate and Rizal Avenue were notoriously popular among the 4,225,000 servicemen visiting the base that year.[33] Sailors' accounts recall the popularity of musical performances, inexpensive San Miguel beer, attractive teenage prostitutes, erotic floor shows, Jeepney rides back to the naval base and children diving for coins tossed from the bridge over the estuarine drainage channel in front of the naval base main gate.[37][38][39]

Mount Pinatubo eruption

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Mount Pinatubo ash covers Naval Station Subic Bay.

On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo, 20 miles (32 kilometres) from the city, violently erupted with a force eight times greater than the May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Volcanic clouds blocked out the sun. Volcanic earthquakes and heavy muddy rain, as well as thunderstorms from a typhoon passing over Central Luzon, darkened the area for 36 hours in what would become known as "Black Saturday".[40] This caused widespread damage to the United States facility and Olongapo City.

On September 16, 1991, the Senate leaders of the Philippines did not grant an extension of the existing RP-US Military Bases Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States, thus terminating the stay of the United States military in the Philippines.

Contemporary era

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The U.S. flag is lowered and Philippine flag is raised during turnover of Naval Station Subic Bay.

Olongapo surged to national prominence during the incumbency of Mayor Richard Gordon, who, like his father before him, was against the departure of US military forces, yet lobbied for the turnover of the facility and its conversion into a freeport in 1992. Gordon spearheaded a volunteerism strategy to return an ailing economy to prosperity after Mount Pinatubo's eruption and the withdrawal of US forces. The strategy worked across all demographics and involved a strong corps of 8,000 volunteers who protected and preserved the abandoned base facilities from poachers. Gordon complemented this with an aggressive advocacy campaign to convert the area into a protected area and industrial zone. Later, he launched an aggressive international investment promotion which resulted in the accelerating the development of a prime industrial and tourism zone in the country, the Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ).[40]

As the first chartered city and highly urbanized city in its province, Olongapo's reputation among Filipinos rose from being a "sin city" in the 1960s and 1970s into a "model city" in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.[20]

A recent racial study showed that Angeles City, Pampanga; alongside Manila; and Olongapo, Zambales; was the locations of several concentrations of 250,000 Amerasians (Mixed American-Asians) who were born as a result of the American colonization of the Philippines and the presence of US bases in the country.[41][42]

Geography

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City skyline

Situated at the southern entry point of Zambales and the northeastern interior of the Subic Bay area, Olongapo City is 78 kilometers (48 mi) from Iba and 126 kilometres (78 mi) northwest of Manila.

The land area of Olongapo is 103.3 square kilometers (39.9 sq mi). The city proper is located on 6.48 square kilometers (2.50 sq mi) of tidal flatland, with the rugged Zambales Mountains on its three sides, and Bataan and Subic Bay at its base. Because of this peculiar geographic location, development of city land is limited. Also, the territorial borders from nearby towns are not properly marked.[43]

Climate

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Climate data for Olongapo (weather station located in Subic, Zambales) 1992–2010, extremes recorded in Naval Air Station Cubi Point 1994–2012
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.2
(95.4)		 38.0
(100.4)		 36.5
(97.7)		 38.2
(100.8)		 38.8
(101.8)		 37.7
(99.9)		 36.2
(97.2)		 35.0
(95.0)		 35.7
(96.3)		 35.3
(95.5)		 34.7
(94.5)		 34.4
(93.9)		 38.8
(101.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2)		 32.1
(89.8)		 33.5
(92.3)		 34.5
(94.1)		 33.1
(91.6)		 31.7
(89.1)		 30.9
(87.6)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30.7
(87.3)		 31.6
(88.9)		 31.7
(89.1)		 31.0
(87.8)		 31.9
(89.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2)		 27.4
(81.3)		 28.5
(83.3)		 29.6
(85.3)		 29.1
(84.4)		 28.2
(82.8)		 27.7
(81.9)		 27.4
(81.3)		 27.5
(81.5)		 27.9
(82.2)		 27.8
(82.0)		 27.1
(80.8)		 27.9
(82.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.5
(72.5)		 22.7
(72.9)		 23.6
(74.5)		 24.8
(76.6)		 25.1
(77.2)		 24.8
(76.6)		 24.4
(75.9)		 24.4
(75.9)		 24.3
(75.7)		 24.2
(75.6)		 23.9
(75.0)		 23.2
(73.8)		 24.0
(75.2)
Record low °C (°F) 17.9
(64.2)		 18.7
(65.7)		 19.8
(67.6)		 21.5
(70.7)		 21.5
(70.7)		 19.0
(66.2)		 20.0
(68.0)		 21.4
(70.5)		 21.0
(69.8)		 20.6
(69.1)		 20.6
(69.1)		 18.5
(65.3)		 17.9
(64.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 6.0
(0.24)		 4.2
(0.17)		 16.1
(0.63)		 22.5
(0.89)		 416.8
(16.41)		 385.7
(15.19)		 759.7
(29.91)		 753.5
(29.67)		 695.8
(27.39)		 214.5
(8.44)		 81.9
(3.22)		 21.9
(0.86)		 3,378.6
(133.02)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2 1 3 3 12 17 23 24 21 13 8 5 132
Average relative humidity (%) 67 66 65 65 73 78 81 81 82 77 73 68 73
Source: PAGASA[44][45]

Olongapo has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am).[46] Temperatures are relatively cooler during the months of December, January and February, and increase slightly from March to May, which are the warmest months of the year in this part of the Philippines.

The months of December to April are extremely dry but the wet season persists for the remaining period in a year. In July and August, the monthly rainfall totals reach around 750 millimeters (30 in).

The city receives an average of 3,375 millimetres (132.9 in) rainfall every year. Temperatures range from an average of around 26.3 degrees Celsius (79.3 degrees Fahrenheit) degrees in January to around 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) in April.

Barangays

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Business district in Olongapo, which includes the barangays of Asinan, East Tapinac, New Kalalake, and Pag-asa
Barangay map of Olongapo City

Olongapo is politically subdivided into 17 barangays, as indicated below. [47] Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

  • Barretto
  • East Bajac-bajac
  • East Tapinac
  • Gordon Heights
  • Kalaklan
  • Mabayuan
  • New Asinan
  • New Banicain
  • New Cabalan
  • New Ilalim
  • New Kababae
  • New Kalalake
  • Old Cabalan
  • Pag-asa
  • Santa Rita
  • West Bajac-bajac
  • West Tapinac

Demographics

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Population census of Olongapo
YearPop.±% p.a.
1960 45,330—    
1970 107,785+9.04%
1975 147,109+6.44%
1980 156,430+1.24%
1990 193,327+2.14%
1995 179,754−1.35%
2000 194,260+1.68%
2007 227,270+2.19%
2010 221,178−0.98%
2015 233,040+1.00%
2020 260,317+2.36%
2024 264,903+0.42%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[48][49][50][51][52]

In the 2024 census, the population of Olongapo was 264,903 people,[53] with a density of 1,400 inhabitants per square kilometer or 3,600 inhabitants per square mile.

Language

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Tagalog is the main language spoken in the city. Other native languages spoken include Sambal, Kapampangan, Pangasinan and Ilocano.

Religion

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Saint Joseph Parish Church

Majority of the people of Olongapo are Roman Catholics, followed by members of the Iglesia ni Cristothe 2nd majority in the city which has 3-5% . Protestants, Evangelicals, Born Again, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, Members Church of God International, Nichiren Buddhism (Sokka Gakkai International), United Methodist Church, and Islam are also present.

Vicariate

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The ten Roman Catholic Parishes of Olongapo City are grouped as the Vicariate of San Jose and are under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Iba. The Parishes are namely:

  • St. Joseph Parish (1920) in Barangay East Bajac-Bajac
  • St. Columban Parish (1963) in Barangay New Asinan
  • Santa Rita Parish (1967) in Barangay Santa Rita
  • Holy Trinity Parish (1975) in Barangay New Cabalan
  • St. Anne Parish (1985) in Brgy Gordon Heights
  • Immaculate Conception Parish (1986) in Barangay Barretto
  • San Lorenzo Ruiz Parish (1991) in Barangay New Kalalake
  • Holy Family Parish (1992) in Barangay Kalaklan
  • St. Vincent de Paul Quasi-Parish in Barangay Old Cabalan
  • San Roque Quasi-Parish in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone

Economy

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Commercial Estabilshments along Magsaysay Drive

The economy of Olongapo is historically categorized as highly resilient, acting as a primary service, commercial, and financial center for the western region of Central Luzon, with its localized macroeconomic valuation calculated at ₱59.21 billion according to the Philippine Statistics Authority.[54] Legally classified as a first-class, highly urbanized city, its local production networks are anchored heavily on the service sector, retail trade, real estate, and municipal logistical industries, which maintain a steady growth trajectory across the region. The macroeconomic profile of the municipality is structured to serve as an urban support base for regional commerce, actively integrating its local workforce with the expanding transit networks and industrial estates of the Central Luzon corridor.

Historical Transition and Base Dependency

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Aerial view of Subic Bay Naval Base

For nearly a century, the local livelihood and fiscal security of the population were structurally linked to the administrative functions of the Subic Bay Naval Base, creating an insulated economy dependent on structural employment and recreational businesses servicing foreign military forces. The mid-1970s marked a major developmental shift where local commercial corridors, particularly along Ramon Magsaysay Drive, converted predominantly into hospitality, entertainment, and service facilities designed to accommodate visiting military personnel, as documented in regional economic surveys.The institutional closure of the military base in the early 1990s forced a structural shift, prompting the city government to diversify local industries away from military dependence and redevelop its land assets for civilian industrial and commercial enterprises. [55]

Commercial Centers and Retail

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SM Olongapo Central, one of Olongapo's 3 major shopping malls.

The contemporary commercial landscape of the city center is dictated by large-scale corporate retail developments and localized real estate infrastructure that sustain high-volume economic transactions for both residents and regional consumers. The central business area serves as a primary financial hub, hosting major banking centers, wholesale marketplaces, and modern retail complexes, including SM City Olongapo Central and Harbor Point, which function as major commercial anchors driving local tax revenues and formal employment. The continuous infrastructure expansion along Rizal Avenue and Gordon Avenue has established an interconnected municipal trading corridor that supports thousands of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs).[56]

Freeport

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View of SBFZ from SM Olongapo Downtown

The operational framework of Olongapo's local economy exists in a permanent economic symbiosis with the Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ) portion of the city, which acts as a hub for free trade, global shipping, and heavy manufacturing in the Asian Region. Local labor networks, municipal transport associations, and real estate properties within the city proper are directly sustained by the manufacturing, warehousing, and corporate investment projects operating inside the freeport boundaries, as outlined in the localized comprehensive infrastructure development agenda.This cross-border integration ensures that fluctuations in international trade and freeport investments directly influence public infrastructure demands, financial deepening, and localized wage generation within the sovereign boundaries of Olongapo City. [57]

Culture

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Olongapo's culture has been shaped by its historical development as the site of the Spanish-era Arsenal de Olongapo and later the former U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay, which played a central role in the city's growth and history.[58] The city's maritime heritage is reflected in its historical landmarks, local traditions, and annual celebrations. Among its major cultural events are the Olongapo City Fiesta, the Sto. Niño Karakol, the Grand Mardi Gras, and the Sibit-Sibit Festival, which commemorate the city's history, religious traditions, and coastal heritage.[59]

Museums and heritage

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The Olongapo Spanish gate, the only surviving remnant of the former Arsenal de Olongapo.

Olongapo preserves several historic landmarks associated with its Spanish and American past. Among the most prominent is the Olongapo Spanish gate, constructed in 1885 as the western entrance to the Spanish naval arsenal at Olongapo following the establishment of Subic Bay as a Spanish naval station. It is the only surviving remnant of the former Arsenal de Olongapo and was declared a National Historical Landmark by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in 2013.[60]

View of the Olongapo Naval Station during the American period. The city's development was closely linked to its role as a naval and shipbuilding center.

The city's naval heritage is closely associated with the establishment and expansion of the former United States Naval Base Subic Bay . Throughout the twentieth century, the city's growth was shaped by the naval installation, which influenced the relocation and development of several communities as the base expanded. Following the withdrawal of the United States Navy in November 1992, the former naval base was converted into the Subic Bay Freeport Zone under Philippine administration, marking a new chapter in Olongapo's maritime and economic history. [61]

Tourism

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The economic landscape of tourism in Olongapo is dictated primarily by its coastal geography along Subic Bay, its multi-layered municipal military history, and its physical and operational integration with the Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ), which collectively established the city as a major highly urbanized commercial and transit corridor within western Central Luzon. Local municipal frameworks, such as the comprehensive city tourism plans enacted by the Sangguniang Panlungsod, are strategically structured to capitalize on these geopolitical assets to continuously expand the locality's transit network, employment capacity, and service industries, as detailed in the master development framework.[62]

Landmarks and Cultural Sites

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The urban core of the city features multiple public developments, commemorative statues, and historic structures that preserve and detail the structural evolution of the locality from its 19th-century origins as a Spanish military naval settlement into a United States military reservation, and subsequently into a sovereign, chartered Philippine city.[63]

Marikit Park, one of the city's notable park's.

Located near Gordon College in the downtown center, Marikit Park represents one of the city's earliest preserved urban green spaces and serves as a major focal point for community gatherings, featuring an expansive concrete gateway mural dedicated to local Filipino workers along with a decommissioned military aircraft installation, which is designated as a protected municipal zone.[64]

Ulo ng Apo Rotonda, one of Olongapo's recognizable landmarks,

The towering Ulo ng Apo Monument is positioned at the central traffic roundabout separating Rotonda and Barangays East and West Bajac-Bajac as a highly visible civic landmark built to honor and illustrate the etymological founding folklore of the city, which derives its modern name from the traditional legend of an ancient tribal chieftain named Apo.[65]

Along the national highway heading north in Barangay Kalaklan, the prominent architectural beacon of the Olongapo Lighthouse, locally known as Parola, functions as a permanent maritime navigation landmark overlooking the harbor waters of Subic Bay.[66]

Coastal Tourism and Festivals

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View of Subic Bay from Driftwood Beach

Beachfront tourism, commercial lodging, and aquatic recreation are concentrated primarily within Barangay Barretto, where Baloy Beach, Driftwood Beach, and the public segments of Olongapo City Beach function as the city's primary centers for beachfront relaxation, swimming, and transient tourist accommodations. The coastal identity and traditional maritime livelihood of the population are preserved through the annual Sibit-Sibit Festival, an established cultural celebration observed every April along Driftwood Beach; the festival features competitive motorized and non-motorized sibit-sibit (small paddle canoes) watercraft racing, a civic initiative specifically designed to reinforce the community's historical roots as an ancient fishing village.[67]

Government

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Local government

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Olongapo City Hall
Former flag of the city
Seal of the city, NHCP version

As highly urbanized city in the province of Zambales, only the city government officials are voted by the electorates of the city. The provincial government has no political jurisdiction over local transactions of the city government. Residents of this city are not allowed to run in the provincial level except for congress representation which the city of Olongapo forms part of Zambales's 1st congressional district.

The city of Olongapo is governed by a city mayor designated as its local chief executive, and by a city council as its legislative body, in accordance with the local government code. Both the mayor and the ten city councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

Barangays are also headed by elected officials: barangay captain, and barangay council, whose members are called barangay councilors. The barangays have SK federation which represents the barangay, headed by SK chairperson and whose members are called SK councilors. All officials are also elected every three years.

Mayors

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The following is the list of all mayors who led Olongapo after World War II:

Name Term Position
Ruben Geronimo November 1959 – 1962 Municipal mayor
Ildefonso Arriola 1962 – 1964 Municipal mayor
James Gordon January 1, 1964 – June 1, 1966 Municipal mayor
James Gordon June 1, 1966 – February 20, 1967 City mayor
Jaime Guevarra February 20, 1967 – 1968 City mayor
Amelia (née Juico) Gordon January 1, 1968 – June 30, 1972 City mayor
Geronimo Lipumano[68] July 1972 – May 1980 City mayor
Richard Gordon June 30, 1980 – April 23, 1986 City mayor (1st term)
Teodoro Macapagal March 1986 – November 1987 OIC mayor
Teodoro Macapagal November 1987 – January 1988 OIC mayor
Richard Gordon February 2, 1988 – July 23, 1993 City mayor (2nd term)
Cynthia Cajudo July 23, 1993 – March 21, 1995 City mayor
Rexy Gregorio Cruz March 22, 1995 – June 30, 1995 City mayor (acting)
Katherine Gordon June 30, 1995 – June 30, 2004 City mayor
James Gordon, Jr. June 30, 2004 – June 30, 2013 City mayor
Rolen Calixto Paulino Sr. June 30, 2013 – September 3, 2018 City mayor
Lugie Lipumano-Garcia September 3, 2018 – March 3, 2019 OIC mayor
Rolen Calixto Paulino Sr. March 3, 2019 – June 30, 2019 City mayor
Rolen Co Paulino Jr. June 30, 2019 – present City mayor

Congressional representation

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Olongapo, belongs to the 1st District of Zambales.

Public safety

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Fire and rescue service

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The City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (known as Olongapo City DRRMO) is a government agency which includes city and national government groups such as National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), Department of National Defense (DND), and Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). This agency has a well trained rescue service, its own fire and rescue equipment, and emergency response service for any kind of disasters. It has a capability that they adopt from the American servicemen from the former US naval base.[clarification needed] The DRRMO are separated from Olongapo City Fire Station (OCFS) under the Bureau of Fire Protection (DILG-BFP) with the same capability as other fire services.

The city has its own Barangay Fire Services used as a first responder in their respective communities. Another fire and rescue service was from the nearest Subic Bay Freeport Zone under its own fire department controlled by Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority with trained personnel and rescue equipment abandoned by the Americans similar to DRRMO. The Philippines' oldest fire truck made by Americans responded to notable disasters such as the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, the Fukushima disaster cleanup in 2011 and Typhoon Haiyan search and rescue operations in 2013.

Crime and law enforcement

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The city has six different police stations under control by Olongapo City Police Office (OCPO) and was umbrella[clarification needed] to Philippine National Police (PNP). The city police main garrison was on Camp Cabal (also known in locals as "164") at Barangay Barretto. Additional policy implementation agency is controlled by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority - Law Enforcement Department (SBMA-LED) which secures the coastal waters of Subic Bay and its nearby Freeport Zone under Republic Act 7227 (known as "SBMA Police").

Contrary to traffic enforcement, the city has separate law enforcement which is the Office of the Traffic Management and Public Safety (OTMPS). The office focuses on implementation of color coded transport scheme, security of government-owned establishment, organizing public market, and providing traffic enforcement safety which was mandated parallel and coordinated to Land Transportation Office.

Infrastructure

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Harbor Point at the Olongapo portion of the Subic Bay Freeport

Transportation

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Airport

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There are no airports in Olongapo itself, although Subic Bay International Airport in the adjacent town of Morong, Bataan serves the general area of Olongapo. The airport is within the Subic Bay Freeport Zone and was formerly known as Naval Air Station Cubi Point, when it was still an airbase of the United States.

Sea port

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Ship docked at Alava Wharf, Port of Subic Bay, Olongapo

Olongapo is served by the Port of Subic Bay, operated and managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority. Some facilities of the seaport are located on the Olongapo portion of the Subic Freeport Zone namely the Alava, Bravo, and Rivera Wharves.

Roads

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The city has an organized road network, featuring a series of rectangular street grids. The primary road that connects Olongapo to the rest of the other is Jose Abad Santos Avenue. In the city's main district, the names of those streets running from north to south follow the English alphabet's order. Streets running east to west are numbered from 1st to 27th, starting from the south parallel and up. Even-numbered streets are on the east side of the city, while odd streets are on the west. Most of the roads in Olongapo are made of concrete and asphalt.

Public transportation

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Vehicles including public jeepneys along Rizal Avenue in front of the public market

The city boasts its color-coded public transportation system which it has pioneered in the country. All public utility jeepneys and tricycles have their own color code depending on the district, zone or route that they serve. Taxi services are also operated in the city but are limited.

Bus

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Victory Liner and Saulog Transit are the leading bus operators, and have their own terminals in the city. They transport people in and out of the city. Local bus terminals are also present, and are primarily used for transportation in neighboring towns and inside the Subic Bay Freeport Zone.

Roads
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Olongapo is accessible through the National Highway (via Zigzag Road) from Hermosa and Dinalupihan, Bataan. The National Highway cuts through the city center and goes through north up to Barangay Barreto and then on to the neighboring town of Subic, and the rest of the towns in Zambales up to Pangasinan province. Another access to the city is via SCTEX and Subic Freeport Expressway exiting to the gates of Subic Bay Freeport Zone and also, from the south, Morong, Bataan (via Balanga, Bataan) through the Morong gate of Subic Bay Freeport Zone.

Public utilities

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Electricity

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Electricity services were formerly provided by the government-run Public Utilities Department (PUD) since the city was founded. However, in the late 2000s, the city faced debt in its electricity distribution costs amounting to P5 billion to power suppliers and threatened to cut the city from the Luzon power grid. Then Mayor James Gordon Jr. also attributed the crisis to low collection rate due to nonpayment or debts incurred by consumers, widespread energy theft and corruption in the PUD. The situation worsened because of interests imposed by Private Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corp. (PSALM), the refusal of the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) to grant an increase in power rates, and the years of delay in the PUD's privatization.[69]

In 2013, through Republic Act No. 10373, the PUD was sold for Php 610 million to Olongapo Electricity Distribution Company (OEDC), an affiliate of Cagayan Electric Power and Light Company (CEPALCO), which was given a 25-year franchise to take over the city's power distributor. The company has since upgraded the city's obsolete and dilapidated distribution network and has made significant improvements to the city's electricity services.[70]

Water

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Water services are provided by Subic Water and Sewerage Company (also known as Subic Water. Not to be confused with Subic Water District (SWD), which is a different water distribution company serving the neighboring towns of Subic, Zambales.). In 2013, the city's shares in Subic Water has been sold to Maynilad Water Services Inc. (Maynilad) to continue modernizing the city's water utilities services.[71] In March 2016, this was reversed and the city has bought back its shares because the city wanted to have a representation in Subic Water because the city's constituents accounted for the majority of Subic Water's customers.

Environment

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Olongapo is home to a number of important Philippine species, including the endangered Philippine hawk-eagle (Nisaetus philippensis)[72] and the Olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea).[73]

Education

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Gordon College, a locally funded higher educational institution in Olongapo.

Olongapo serves as an educational center for western Central Luzon, particularly for students from Zambales, Bataan, and parts of Pampanga. The city is home to several institutions of higher learning offering undergraduate, technical, and professional education.

Columban College

Among the city's colleges and universities are Gordon College, a locally funded institution established by the city government,[74] Columban College, St. Joseph College-Olongapo, The Manila Times College of Subic, and the Central Luzon College of Science and Technology. The city also hosts extension and outreach programs of other higher educational institutions, including an extension program of the University of the Philippines Diliman. These institutions contribute to Olongapo's role as a center for tertiary education and workforce development within the region.

Secondary education in Olongapo is provided through both public and private institutions supervised by the Department of Education.The city maintains several public high schools serving different barangays and communities, including Olongapo City National High School in East Tapinac, Barretto National High School, and the Regional Science High School III located in Kalayaan Heights, which serves students specializing in science and mathematics education. Various private secondary schools also operate within the city and complement the public education system. [75]

Elementary education in Olongapo is administered through numerous public and private schools under the Schools Division of Olongapo City. Among the city's elementary institutions are Special Education Center for the Gifted, Olongapo City Elementary School, Kalalake Elementary School, Nellie E. Brown Elementary School, New Cabalan Elementary School, and Santa Rita Elementary School. These schools provide foundational education and support the city's broader educational network serving both local residents and nearby communities. [76]

According to the city's Comprehensive Development Plan, Olongapo has 122 educational institutions operating within the city, including 67 public schools under the Division of City Schools and 13 institutions offering tertiary education. The public school system consists of 28 pre-elementary schools, 24 elementary schools, 4 integrated elementary and junior high schools, 5 junior high schools, 3 integrated junior and senior high schools, and 3 senior high schools.[77]

Notable people

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Sister cities

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Olongapo has the following sister cities:

References

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  1. ↑ "AUICK Newsletter No.54 AUICK News". Asian Urban Information Center of Kobe. 2010. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. The City Council of Olongapo recently passed an ordinance adopting the title "City of Volunteers" for Olongapo City, to reflect its strong community-based volunteerism.
  2. ↑ Songco, Pauline (August 13, 2018). "Gift of a legacy". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  3. ↑ "Intense race to City Hall in Olongapo". The Manila Times. February 2, 2016. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019. Paulino, on the other hand, is banking on his growing popularity as a friendly, easy to approach city mayor and his slogan "Transparency and Good Governance" to extend his stay as the city's chief executive.
  4. 1 2 "Olongapo City". olongapo.tripod.com.
  5. ↑  City of Olongapo | (DILG)
  6. ↑ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  7. ↑ "2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 17, 2025. Retrieved July 18, 2025.
  8. ↑ "Gross Domestic Product of the Provinces and Highly Urbanized Cities in Central Luzon (2022–2024)". psa.gov.ph. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 19, 2026.
  9. ↑ "Representative Exchange Rates for Selected Currencies". imf.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved July 19, 2026.
  10. ↑ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  11. ↑ "2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 17, 2025. Retrieved July 18, 2025.
  12. ↑ "Building Globally Competitive Metro Areas in the Philippines" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "THE OLONGAPO STORY - 1952". www.subicbaypi.com.
  14. ↑ "Olongapo City Barangay and History". November 14, 2009.
  15. ↑ "History of Olongapo City".[permanent dead link]
  16. ↑ "History of Subic Bay and Olongapo City". Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
  17. ↑ Subic Bay History – 1940's. Subicbaypi.com (April 8, 1942). Retrieved on July 28, 2013.
  18. ↑ "World War II". Olongapo City Official Website. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
  19. 1 2 Anderson, Gerald Subic Bay from Magellan to Pinatubo: The History of the U.S. Naval Station Subic Bay Gerald Anderson (2009); ISBN 1441444521 pp. 130–138
  20. 1 2 "World Bank – Olongapo Profile" (PDF).
  21. ↑ Robles, Raissa (2016). Marcos Martial Law: Never Again. Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc.
  22. ↑ "A History of the Philippine Political Protest". www.officialgazette.gov.ph.
  23. ↑ Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992). "IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines" (PDF). Journal of Philippine Development. XIX (35). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  24. ↑ Balisacan, A. M.; Hill, Hal (2003). The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195158984.
  25. ↑ Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines". DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05: 3, 19.
  26. ↑ Celoza, Albert F. (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275941376.
  27. ↑ Schirmer, Daniel B. (1987). The Philippines reader : a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance (1st ed.). Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0896082768. OCLC 14214735.
  28. ↑ Kessler, Richard J. (1989). Rebellion and repression in the Philippines. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300044062. OCLC 19266663.
  29. ↑ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
  30. ↑ "Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime". Ateneo de Manila University. September 20, 1999.
  31. ↑ Abinales, P.N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and society in the Philippines. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0742510234. OCLC 57452454.
  32. ↑ "Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law". Rappler. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
  33. 1 2 3 Tucker, Spencer C. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2011); ISBN 1851099611 pg. 863
  34. ↑ Paz, J. C. Pipe Dream for the Ladies: Constructs of Rights of Prostituted Women among Social Actors in the Sex Industry of Olongapo City, Zambales
  35. 1 2 3 Thanh-Dam Truong, Sex, Money, and Morality: Prostitution and Tourism in South-east Asia (London: Zed Books, 1990)
  36. 1 2 3 Santos, P. (2015). Sexuality, Gender, and US Imperialism after Philippine Independence: An Examination of Gender and Sexual Stereotypes of Pilipina Entertainment Workers and US Servicemen.
  37. ↑ Sherwood, John Afterburner: Naval Aviators and the Vietnam War NYU Press (2004) ISBN 081479842X pp.27–28
  38. ↑ "LIBERTY CALL: Olongapo City". Dennis Clevenger. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
  39. ↑ "Olongapo". Dave Payson. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
  40. 1 2 "Twin Disasters- Olongapo City Official Website". Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
  41. ↑ "200,000–250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA-RP Joint Research Paper Finding" (PDF). Amerasian Research Network, Ltd. (Press release). November 5, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  42. ↑ Kutschera, P. C.; Caputi, Marie A. (October 2012). "The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora" (PDF) (Academic paper presented at 9th International Conference on the Philippines (ICOPHIL-9)). E. Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2016 – via AmerasianResearch.org.
  43. ↑ "Philippines Travel and Hotel Guide". Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  44. ↑ "Subic, Zambales Climatological Normal Values". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  45. ↑ "Cubi Point Subic, Olongapo Climatological Extremes". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  46. ↑ "Average Weather For Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines". Retrieved May 11, 2013.
  47. ↑ "Province: Zambales". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved August 25, 2025.
  48. ↑ "2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 17, 2025. Retrieved July 18, 2025.
  49. ↑ Census of Population (2015). "Region III (Central Luzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  50. ↑ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region III (Central Luzon)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  51. ↑ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region III (Central Luzon)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.
  52. ↑ "Province of Zambales". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  53. ↑ "2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 17, 2025. Retrieved July 18, 2025.
  54. ↑ "Gross Domestic Product of the Provinces and Highly Urbanized Cities in Central Luzon (2022–2024)". Philippine Statistics Authority Portal. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 11, 2026.
  55. ↑ "Socio-Economic Structural Assessments of Former Military Base Dependent Communities". Philippine Institute for Development Studies Repository. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. Retrieved July 11, 2026.
  56. ↑ "Cities and Municipalities Competitive Index Local Government Unit Profile: Olongapo City". Department of Trade and Industry Competitiveness Portal. Department of Trade and Industry. 2024. Retrieved July 11, 2026.
  57. ↑ "Olongapo City Revised Comprehensive Development Plan and Spatial Framework". Official Website of the City of Olongapo. City Planning and Development Office. Retrieved July 11, 2026.
  58. ↑ "City of Olongapo". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved July 4, 2026.
  59. ↑ "Olongapo City Calendar of Events". Department of Tourism. Retrieved July 4, 2026.
  60. ↑ "Subic Spanish Gate". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved July 6, 2026.
  61. ↑ "Barangays". Olongapo City Government. Retrieved July 7, 2026.
  62. ↑ "Sangguniang Panlungsod Resolution No. 114-2023: Approving and Adopting the Olongapo City Tourism Development Plan 2023–2033". Official Website of the City of Olongapo. Sangguniang Panlungsod ng Olongapo. Retrieved July 11, 2026.
  63. ↑ "National Registry of Historic Sites and Structures in the Philippines: City of Olongapo Level II Historical Marker". National Historical Commission of the Philippines Registry. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved July 11, 2026.
  64. ↑ "Ordinance No. 36-2006: Adopting the Olongapo City Tourism Code Which Provides for the Management, Promotion, and Advancement of the Olongapo City Tourism Industry". Official Website of the City of Olongapo. Sangguniang Panlungsod ng Olongapo. Retrieved July 11, 2026.
  65. ↑ "Olongapo City Brief History and Legend". Official Website of the City of Olongapo. Olongapo City Public Affairs Office. Retrieved July 11, 2026.
  66. ↑ "Profile of Barangay Kalaklan: Municipal Infrastructures and Tourism Facilities". Official Website of the City of Olongapo. Olongapo City Information Technology Center. Retrieved July 11, 2026.
  67. ↑ "Olongapo City Revised Comprehensive Development Plan and Spatial Framework". Official Website of the City of Olongapo. City Planning and Development Office. Retrieved July 11, 2026.
  68. ↑ Sison, Bebot (May 17, 2013). "Gordons lose; Payumos fall in Bataan". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 21, 2014. The only other time that a Gordon was defeated in an election was in 1970 when Geronimo Lipumano won by a landslide against the late Amelia Gordon, the mother of Dick Gordon.
  69. ↑ Gonzaga, Robert. "Olongapo's power debt burden". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  70. ↑ "Aquino signs law on Olongapo power privatization". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  71. ↑ "Olongapo sells 10% of Subic Water to Maynilad". Rappler. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  72. ↑ "Endangered Philippine hawk-eagle rescued in Olongapo". February 8, 2021.
  73. ↑ "Wildlife conservation must continue even with pandemic: Cimatu | Philippine News Agency". www.pna.gov.ph. Retrieved April 27, 2025.
  74. ↑ "About Gordon College". Gordon College. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  75. ↑ "Schools Division Office of Olongapo City". Department of Education – Region III. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  76. ↑ "Schools Division Office of Olongapo City". Department of Education – Region III. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  77. ↑ "Olongapo City Comprehensive Development Plan 2020–2026" (PDF). City Government of Olongapo. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  78. ↑ City Council and Community Development Commission of National City, CA. "MINUTES OF THE REGULAR MEETING OF THE CITY COUNCIL AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION OF NATIONAL CITY, CALIFORNIA". Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  79. ↑ "Sister Cities Association of Virginia Beach". Sister Cities Association of Virginia Beach. Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
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