Wikipedia

Maria Bolin

Maria Bolin (born Maria Elisabet Åkerblom; 8 May 1847 – 28 March 1919) was a Swedish social and political activist, horticulturalist, and folk musician whose public life spanned women's suffrage, dress reform, career education, peace advocacy, and animal welfare. Widowed in 1885, she settled in Rönninge, Stockholm County, where she ran a small farm and became a prominent organizer. From the 1890s she served on two committees of the Fredrika Bremer Association, campaigning against restrictive women's clothing and for women's access to horticultural education. She was the first signatory of the 1905 petition to King Oscar II calling for women's suffrage on equal terms with men, chaired the Rönninge–Tumba branch of the national suffrage association, and during the First World War she served on the national central board of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration Society.

Maria Bolin
Bolin (1917)
Born
Maria Elisabet Åkerblom

(1847-05-08)8 May 1847
Falun, Kopparberg County, Sweden
Died28 March 1919(1919-03-28) (aged 71)
Rönninge, Salem, Stockholm County, Sweden
OccupationsHorticulturalist, social reformer, utility company founder
MovementWomen's suffrage, dress reform, health; peace; animal welfare
SpouseEdvard Ludvig Bolin (1841–1885)
Parent(s)Johan Frans Åkerblom and Maria Catharina Norström

Early life

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Portrait of Johan Frans Åkerblom
Johan Frans Åkerblom
Portrait of Maria Catharina Norström
Maria Catharina Norström
Maria Bolin's parents

Maria Elisabet Åkerblom was born on 8 May 1847 in Falun, Kopparberg County, to Johan Frans Åkerblom (1806–1886), a clergyman and educator, and Maria Catharina Norström (1815–1874).[1][2]

The family moved twice during her childhood as her father took up appointments as rector of parishes in Västmanland and Dalarna, where he later also served as the county's first state school inspector. He is remembered for encouraging the early literary development of Erik Axel Karlfeldt, later a Nobel laureate.[3]

Her siblings included Carolina (1836–1881), a professional singing teacher; Fredrik Åkerblom [sv] (1839–1901), who earned a doctorate, founded a newspaper, and served in the Riksdag; Henrik (1841–1903), a teacher, school inspector, and rector of the Falun teachers' school; Knut Alrik (1849–1924), an engineer and chemist; and Helena Emilia (1856–1935), author of a family memoir. Three other siblings died in infancy.[4][5]

Marriage and children

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Maria Åkerblom married Edvard Ludvig Bolin (1841–1885) in 1869; he served first as county notary (länsnotarie) and later as county secretary (landssekreterare) of Kopparberg County.[1][6] Their home was known for its warm hospitality and music. They had four children, all born in Falun: Elisabeth (1870–1877), who died in childhood; Karin Katarina (1873–1926), who later lived in Norway before returning to Sweden; Clas (1875–1912), an engineer and mining school teacher; and Henrik (1880–1947), who left the Göta livgarde (a Swedish army regiment) in 1907 for a career as a singer and actor.[4][7][8]

Edvard Bolin died on 18 November 1885 in Stockholm, after several years of illness, at the age of 44.[9] After his death, Maria Bolin moved with her surviving children to Rönninge in Salem parish, where she would live for the rest of her life.[1][10]

In 1913 she compiled and published Familjen Bolins krönika (The Bolin Family Chronicle), a detailed genealogical record of the Bolin family tracing the line from an eighteenth-century officer of the Swedish East India Company through six generations and across several countries, including branches in Falun, Stockholm, Gothenburg, Moscow, and Malaga.[8][3][a]

Dalarna Animal Protection Society

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In 1884, Bolin co-founded the Dalarnes djurskyddsförening (Dalarna Animal Protection Society). At a preparatory meeting in June 1884, she was appointed to the committee charged with drafting the society's bylaws, which emphasized humane treatment of animals, public education, and the reporting of cruelty to authorities. The bylaws established a governing board of eight members and four deputies and required that everyone, regardless of gender, had an equal right to join and serve on the board.[11][12]

The society was formally constituted in December 1884; both Maria and her husband Edvard were elected deputies on its first board.[12] The organization continues today as Djurskyddet Dalarna (Animal Welfare Dalarna), a local branch of Djurskyddet Sverige [sv] (Animal Welfare Sweden), one of Sweden's largest animal-welfare associations.

The Fredrika Bremer Association

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The Fredrika-Bremer-förbundet (FBF, Fredrika Bremer Association), founded on 3 December 1884 by Sophie Adlersparre and named after the Swedish novelist and women's rights advocate Fredrika Bremer, was Sweden's largest women's organization of the era. With over 2,500 members by 1907, it worked across a broad range of concerns including education, professional training, social reform, and women's suffrage.[13] Bolin was active in two of its specialist committees — the Dräktreformföreningen (Dress Reform Association) and the Trädgårdskommittén (Garden Committee) — from the 1890s onwards.

Dress Reform Association

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The FBF's Dress Reform Association had been founded independently in March 1885 before merging into the FBF in May 1890 as a self-governing section.[14] It campaigned against the tightly laced corset (snörlivet), excessively long skirts, impractical outer garments, and unhygienic underclothing, and promoted practical school uniforms for girls. The movement argued that women's clothing was a barrier to physical freedom, employment, and independence.

Bolin joined the association's board (styrelsen) from at least 1892, two years after the merger, and served as its treasurer (kassaförvaltare) from at least 1896.[15][16][17] On 20 April 1894 she delivered the lecture "Den moderna kvinnodräkten — ett hinder för självständighet" (The Modern Woman's Dress — a Hindrance to Independence) at a committee meeting held at the FBF's offices, to great acclaim. It was subsequently published in Idun in two installments, on 27 April and 4 May 1894.[14][18]

The association won a silver medal at the 1896 Stockholm general arts and industry exhibition for its hygienic underclothing designs, an event Bolin attended separately displaying her own handicrafts.[19][20]

In January 1897, Bolin spoke at a large public meeting in Stockholm on the length of women's skirts, co-organised by the association and several prominent female physicians, including Karolina Widerström. The meeting drew a capacity crowd. Speakers argued that long skirts trailing on the ground were a public health hazard, collecting dirt and spreading disease into the home. Bolin went further, claiming that long skirts prevented young women's legs from developing their natural strength and stride. Widerström called on mothers not to wait for fashion to change, but to take the matter into their own hands.[21][22]

The same concerns about women's health and bodily autonomy also informed her 1913 membership in the Svenska föreningen för moderskydd och sexualreform (SFMS, Swedish Association for Maternal Protection and Sexual Reform), founded by Frida Stéenhoff to campaign for the legal rights of unmarried mothers and their children, equal sexual morality applying to men and women alike, and sex education in schools.[23][24]

Garden Committee

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Bolin was a founding member of the FBF's Garden Committee, established in autumn 1890 to work for women's access to horticultural education and employment, and remained active in its work through at least 1900.[25][26]

The committee's first initiative was to arrange for women to be admitted to a gardening school run by horticulturalist Rudolf Abelin [sv] at Norrvikens trädgårdar[b] in Östergötland. Bolin later described how the committee, "after considerable deliberation back and forth," succeeded in persuading Abelin to accept female students at his newly established school. The first course for women began in spring 1891.[25] Abelin was satisfied with the women's enthusiasm and energy, but the school's finances eventually failed and he was unable to continue accepting female students. The committee then spent several years trying to find placements for women at other estates.[28]

In November 1898 Bolin addressed the committee on the topic "Trädgårdsskötsel såsom yrke för kvinnor" (Gardening as a Profession for Women). In her lecture — subsequently published in Idun (1899, no. 30) — she rebutted several objections that had been raised against women entering the horticultural profession. To those who argued that women would take men's jobs, she gave a sharp reply:

You men are generally quite helpless without us — if you have spent centuries practicing the gardening trade in such a way that it has nearly starved many who made it their livelihood, then it is truly time that we came to your assistance.[28]

She pointed to the greater opportunities available to women in horticulture abroad, noting that institutions such as Swanley Horticultural College in England and the Women's London Gardening Association provided professional employment for large numbers of women, and that similar schools existed in Germany and Finland.[29]

In 1900 she published a further article, "Trädgårdsskolor för kvinnor" (Gardening Schools for Women), in the FBF's journal Dagny, surveying the women's gardening schools that had recently been established and calling for schools to offer full professional qualifications equivalent to those available to men.[26]

The December 1905 petition to the king

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King Oscar II of Sweden

Bolin co-organized a public meeting on women's political suffrage, held on 23 November 1905 at the Peoples House in Stockholm [sv]. The opening lecture — "Varför skola kvinnorna vänta?" (Why Should Women Wait?) — was delivered by Frida Stéenhoff. The meeting drew over 700 men and women.[30][31]

The meeting adopted a resolution, addressed to King Oscar II, calling on the government and the political parties to take action:

The meeting considers the time now ripe for Sweden's women to demand political suffrage simultaneously with the forthcoming extension of the franchise for men, and on equal terms with men.[31]

The following Monday, on 4 December 1905, Bolin and Anna Pettersson formally delivered the petition to the Ministry of Justice (justitiedepartementet). Their names appeared first on the list of signatories, identified by occupation rather than marital title — Bolin as trädgårdsodlare (market gardener) and Pettersson as kappsömmerska (coat seamstress). A further twelve women added their signatures, all likewise identified by profession.[31][32][c]

The petition argued that women's suffrage had already gained significant support in both chambers of the Riksdag, and that any suffrage reform excluding women would grant citizenship rights to only half the population. It further contended that for Sweden to exclude women while Russia and Finland moved toward broader enfranchisement would reflect poorly on the nation's standing. The petition also argued that a husband's legal guardianship (målsmanskap) over his wife should not be a barrier to married women receiving suffrage, and called for male guardianship over wives to be abolished simultaneously with suffrage reform.[31][32]

"No one can place woman higher than I" — Illustration accompanying Linder's satirical feature "The Man as — Social Reformer?" in Svenska Dagbladets, December 1905.

Shortly after the petition campaign attracted widespread press attention, the Christmas issue of Svenska Dagbladet (18 December 1905) published a two-page pro-suffrage satirical feature, "Mannen som — samhällsförbättrare?" ("The Man as — Social Reformer?"), by Gurli Linder, imagining a future all-female government and listing Maria Bolin as Jordbruksminister (Minister of Agriculture) among the mock cabinet — an indication of Bolin's growing public profile. Linder wrote:[33]

The reversed roles would of course turn many things upside down. First and foremost, we would naturally have a female government. Now, don't come with that old outdated objection that we are not yet mature enough for this lofty calling! On the contrary — one is rather faced with an embarrassment of riches when it comes to choosing among acceptable candidates. What do you say, for example, about the following list?

Prime Minister — Miss Ellen Key, formerly social reformer.
Minister of Justice — Mrs. Anna Retzius, formerly professor.
Minister of Foreign Affairs — Miss Gertrud Adelborg, formerly member of the International Women's League.
Minister of War — Mrs. Emilia Broomé, formerly peace advocate.
Minister of the Navy — Mrs. Anna Wallenberg [sv], formerly married to a man with a keen interest in the navy.
Minister of Civil Affairs — Mrs. Kata Dahlström, formerly social democrat.
Minister of Finance — Mrs. Wilhelmina Skogh, formerly hotel director.
Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs — Mrs. Frida Stéenhoff, formerly speaker at the People's House.
Minister of Agriculture — Mrs. Maria Bolin, formerly market gardener.

Associations for Women's Political Suffrage

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FKPR suffrage protest, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1918

The Swedish suffrage movement was organized at three levels: local branches of the Föreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (FKPR, Association for Women's Political Suffrage), county federations, and the national Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR, National Association for Women's Political Suffrage).[d] Bolin was active at all three levels. Since 1862, Swedish women who owned property or paid sufficient taxes had been entitled to vote in municipal elections, but they had no vote in national parliamentary elections and could not stand for parliament.[34]

At the local level, she served from 1912 as chair of the FKPR branch for Rönninge and Tumba in Stockholm County.[1] In January 1915 she organized a public meeting on temperance legislation through the branch, arguing for women's right to participate in legislative work.[35] She chaired the branch's Birgittadagen (St. Bridget's Day) meeting in October 1917, one of the annual suffrage rallies held across Sweden on that date.[36] During the First World War, Bolin also coordinated fundraising through the branch for the Hjälpkommittén för krigsfångar (Prisoner-of-War Relief Committee), operating under the patronage of Crown Princess Margareta, mobilizing her suffrage network directly for humanitarian ends.[37]

At the county level, she served as secretary of the Stockholm County LKPR federation and was named as a member of its working committee (arbetsutskott) at the annual meeting in Södertälje in October 1911, and spoke at the subsequent public meeting alongside Anna Lindhagen, arguing that women's suffrage was a means to broader social reform rather than an end in itself.[38][6]

At the national level, she served as a minutes attester (protokollsjusterare) and closed the meeting by thanking the executive committee on behalf of the federation delegates at the LKPR's tenth central board (centralstyrelsen) meeting in January 1913.[39][40][41] She again closed the LKPR's sixteenth central board meeting in January 1919 by thanking the executive committee on behalf of the provincial delegates, one of her last public acts.[42]

Swedish Peace and Arbitration Society

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Bolin was an active member of the Svenska freds- och skiljedomsföreningen (SFSF, Swedish Peace and Arbitration Society), the country's largest peace organization. Her involvement in the peace movement ran in parallel with her suffrage work and was closely connected to it.

Her principal collaborator was Carl Sundblad, elementary school teacher, peace lecturer, and long-serving officer of the society, who lived in the same district of Rönninge. The two shared platforms on numerous occasions, combining peace advocacy with arguments for women's suffrage. At a midsummer peace meeting in Rönninge in June 1911 she delivered an acclaimed lecture on women's political rights alongside Sundblad.[43]

Dedication of the peace monument on the Norway-Sweden border, 16 August 1914

At the SFSF's annual meeting at Charlottenberg in August 1914 — weeks after the outbreak of the First World War, and held the day before the inauguration of the peace monument on the Swedish-Norwegian border — Bolin was re-elected to the central board and spoke at an outdoor evening peace gathering alongside member of parliament Nils Andersson Berg [sv] and other board members. At the meeting they voted unanimously to telegraph Prime Minister Hammarskjöld in support of Sweden's neutrality policy and the wish that Denmark would join the agreement. Carl Sundblad was among the featured speakers at the monument's dedication the following day.[44][45]

At the General Swedish Peace Congress (Allmänna svenska fredskongressen), held over three days in Varberg in June 1915, Bolin objected when male speakers opened their addresses with Mina herrar! ("Gentlemen!") rather than Mina damer och herrar! ("Ladies and gentlemen!"), asking pointedly: Ha vi inte några damer i kongressen? ("Don't we have any ladies in the congress?") She went on to describe how women could assert themselves in peace, temperance, and other associations, and urged the Nordic peoples to use the autumn 1915 peace congress in Copenhagen to decide on collective action. The intervention was applauded.[46]

Bolin was re-elected to the SFSF's central board again in 1916, when membership had risen to 11,500.[47] The society's 33rd annual meeting was held in Uppsala in June 1917, by which time membership had grown to roughly 21,000. At the welcome reception on the eve of the meeting, held in the great hall of Norrlands nation, Bolin spoke of childhood memories of the popular enthusiasm for student military training (studentbeväringen), arguing that combating the romantic allure of war required more than congresses and associations — it demanded genuine faith in the attainability of peace. At the meeting itself, Bolin served as one of the meeting's two secretaries.[48]

In October 1917 she served as a lecturer for a ten-day peace-speaking course in Stockholm alongside Carl Sundblad, Stockholm's chief magistrate Carl Lindhagen, and economist Knut Wicksell.[49]

She was also a member of the Swedish section of the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace (Internationella kvinnokommittén för varaktig fred), the wartime women's peace association founded at the 1915 Hague Congress of Women.[50]

Rönninge municipal council

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In August 1915, Bolin was elected one of seven founding members of the newly established Rönninge municipalnämnd (municipal council) — the only woman among them. While she was listed simply as Fru Maria Bolin in Dagens Nyheter, without any professional designation, the six men were each identified by their occupations or education: a university graduate, a master gardener, an engineer, a farmer, a lay assessor [sv] (nämndeman), and a factory owner (fabrikör). To stagger the elections in future years, Bolin and the lay assessor Leonard Andersson served two-year terms, with the remaining five members elected for four years. Among the deputy members was Anna Lindblom, a midwife and Red Cross nurse.[51][52] Bolin was re-elected to the council in 1917.[53] A contemporary tribute described her as lively and forceful in municipal affairs, but always attentive to reasoned argument and respected accordingly.[6]

Business ventures: farming and electricity

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Lake Uttran

After her husband's death, Bolin acquired Sandbäck, a historic farm in Rönninge, Salem parish, named after the brook Sandbäcken that runs through it into Lake Uttran [sv]. She worked the farm, which included a small orangery, and later built a separate house, Höganloft, on the estate for her son Henrik and his family.[1][10][6][54][55] Her broader engagement with agricultural affairs is reflected in her membership in the Stockholms läns Hushållningssällskap (Stockholm County Agricultural Society), a body that promoted agricultural improvement and rural development across the county.[1]

On 11 June 1914, Bolin co-signed in Tumba the founding document (stiftelseurkund) of a joint-stock company seated in Grödinge parish, Stockholm County, formed for electricity distribution in the district. She was the only woman among the six founders, alongside J. W. Engwall, Knut Lundström, Richard Isberg, August Andersson, and Alfred Hedlund.[56][57] Three years later, Rönninge Elektriska Aktiebolag was constituted in the neighbouring community of Rönninge, with Bolin serving as deputy auditor.[58] These ventures were part of the early wave of small local distribution companies that drove Swedish rural electrification: between 1915 and 1920 the proportion of arable land belonging to farms with electricity rose from 5 to nearly 40 per cent, and by 1938 about 65 per cent of rural households had been electrified.[59]

Music

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Music was central to several generations of Bolin's family. Her father played the violin and served as song teacher at the boys' school in Falun;[4] her sister Carolina became a professional singing teacher; and her son Henrik left the military to train as a singer under Eugen Robert Weiss [de] in Wiesbaden, later performing operetta, cabaret, and Bellman songs alongside his second wife Ellen Maria Hansen.[7][60] Between 1903 and 1909 Maria Bolin served on the board of the Stockholm Music Society [sv].[1]

Swedish Lute

Bolin herself was a skilled folk musician who played the Swedish lute and several other instruments. Her principal musical venue was with Sällskapet Nya Idun (the New Idun Society), an influential Stockholm society for women in the arts and professions, to whose programs she contributed regularly: closing the annual gathering with lute songs in January 1898, performing alongside her daughter Karin;[61] appearing at the autumn meeting in October 1905;[62] and by 1910 she was named in Svenska Dagbladet as one of the society's leading musical contributors, leading the Idun Quartet, in which her deep alto and droll renditions of Bellman's Joakim uti Babylon were long remembered.[63][64]

She consistently brought music into her public and civic work across more than two decades of festivals, meetings, and political gatherings. In August 1905 she lectured at a Rönninge youth festival on the origins of Nordic folk song, dressed in traditional peasant costume;[65] in November 1906 she sang Runeberg's Bön för fosterlandet (Prayer for the Fatherland) at the Rönninge school inauguration;[66] and in January 1907 she presented Litet småprat om våra folkvisor (A Little Chat about Our Folk Songs) at a Stockholm public gathering, performing on a variety of instruments, and played the lute at a soirée at Folkets Hus alongside a lecture by Frida Stéenhoff.[67][68] She also performed regularly at suffrage and peace association meetings.[69]

Death and legacy

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A tribute written by Maria Dehn [sv] and published in Rösträtt för kvinnor on Bolin's 70th birthday in 1917 described her as follows:

Plainly dressed, one might say, with a straightforward and unpretentious manner, striking for the robustness of her figure, her fine profile, and her short-cropped white hair.[6][e]

The tribute went on to describe how she traveled from place to place by trilla [sv], a light, open, single-horse carriage:

...sometimes in sun, sometimes in rain and sleet — with a pile of pamphlets in the box of her one-horse carriage — to arouse interest in her cherished causes: justice for women, peace, temperance.[6][f]

Bolin died on 28 March 1919 in Rönninge at the age of 71 — weeks before the Swedish parliament cast its first vote in favor of women's suffrage on 2 May 1919.[34] She was survived by two of her four children, Henrik and Karin, and two siblings, Knut and Helena Emilia.[70][71]

Her will requested a simple send-off:

My funeral shall take place simply, without flowers, eulogy, or other ostentation. My mortal remains shall, after autopsy, be cremated — a witnessed instruction to this effect is among my papers, and the cost of cremation has been paid in advance. My ashes shall be placed in the family grave in Falun.[54][g]

Bolin held positions in the Swedish women's suffrage movement at local, regional, and national levels, serving as chair of the Rönninge-Tumba FKPR, secretary of the Stockholm County LKPR federation, and provincial spokeswoman at national LKPR central board meetings. She was the first signatory of the 1905 petition to the government calling for women's suffrage. In the peace movement she served as secretary of the national central board of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration Society. She was a founding member of the Dalarna Animal Protection Society in 1884, the Fredrika Bremer Association's Garden Committee in 1890, and the Rönninge municipal board in 1915 — the only woman among its seven founding members. In 1914 she was the only woman among the six founders of an early rural electrification company.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ The book has since been digitized by the National Library of Sweden and is freely available online at weburn.kb.se.
  2. ↑ The Norrvikens trädgårdar referred to here is not to be confused with the well-known Norrviken Gardens near Båstad, which was established by Rudolf Abelin in 1906–1920, after the horticultural school described here had already closed. The school attended by the Fredrika Bremer Association garden committee's students was located at Björnsnäs estate, Qvillinge parish, Östergötland, and is documented in contemporary sources from the early 1890s.[27][25]
  3. ↑ The twelve additional signatories were: Ellen Dahlbäck, gymnastics director; Hilda Sachs, writer; Ayda Östlund; Ruth Pettersson, coat seamstress; Anna Eriksson, primary school teacher; Anna Clara Romanus, medical candidate; Elin Jansson, shop assistant; Anna Johansson, insurance inspector; Alma Sundqvist, practising doctor; Gertrud Kuno, rosette seamstress; Valborg Ulrich, life insurance inspector; and Anna Lindhagen, child welfare inspector.
  4. ↑ The Föreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (FKPR) was founded locally in Stockholm on 4 June 1902; as local sections multiplied across Sweden, it renamed itself the Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR) from 1903. Local branches continued to operate under the FKPR name throughout the organization's existence.
  5. ↑ Original Swedish: Puritanskt klädd, skulle man kunna säga, med enkelt framträdande utan förkonstling, intresserande dels genom det kärnfriska i gestalten med den vackra profilen och det vita kortklippta håret.
  6. ↑ Original Swedish: …ömsom i sol ömsom i regn och rusk, för att — med en massa skrifter i baklådan å enspännaren — å olika orter söka väcka intresse för sina älsklingsidéer: rättvisa åt kvinnorna, fred, nykterhet.
  7. ↑ Original Swedish: Min jordafärd skall ske enkelt, utan blommor, liktal eller annat prål. Min kroppshydda skall, efter företagen obduktion, brännas, därom bevittnad bestämmelse finnes bland mina papper; förbränningskostnaden är på förhand betald. Min aska sättes i familjegraven i Falun. The grave (plot no. 0117) is recorded in the Rötter gravestone registry as Familjen Bolin, a sandgrav (sand grave) at Stora Kopparbergs kyrkogård dating from the 1900s, with no surviving burial register.[72][73]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hedberg 1914.
  2. ↑ Riksarkivet Census 1880.
  3. 1 2 Östlund 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 Nordström 2024.
  5. ↑ Fredrik Åkerblom 2024.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rösträtt för kvinnor 1917.
  7. 1 2 Erlandsson 1922.
  8. 1 2 Bolin 1913.
  9. ↑ Dagens Nyheter 1885.
  10. 1 2 Riksarkivet Census 1910.
  11. ↑ Tidning för Falu Län och Stad 1884a.
  12. 1 2 Tidning för Falu Län och Stad 1885.
  13. ↑ Nordisk familjebok 1908.
  14. 1 2 Dagny 1895.
  15. ↑ Dagny 1893.
  16. ↑ Dagny 1897.
  17. ↑ Dagny 1898.
  18. ↑ Vestmanlands Läns Tidning 1894.
  19. ↑ Svenska Dagbladet 1896.
  20. ↑ Nordens Expositionstidning 1896.
  21. ↑ Västgöta Korrespondenten 1897.
  22. ↑ Nerikes Allehanda 1897.
  23. ↑ Stéenhoff 1912.
  24. ↑ Svenska föreningen för moderskydd och sexualreform 1913.
  25. 1 2 3 Nordgren 2023.
  26. 1 2 Bolin 1900.
  27. ↑ Vårt Land 1888.
  28. 1 2 Bolin 1899.
  29. ↑ Jordbrukarens Tidning 1898.
  30. ↑ Socialdemokraten 1905.
  31. 1 2 3 4 LKPR 1906.
  32. 1 2 Vårt Land 1905.
  33. ↑ Svenska Dagbladet 1905.
  34. 1 2 Hofverberg 2021.
  35. ↑ Stockholmstidningen 1915.
  36. ↑ Rösträtt för kvinnor 1917b.
  37. ↑ Svenska Dagbladet 1917b.
  38. ↑ Dagens Nyheter 1911.
  39. ↑ Svenska Dagbladet 1913.
  40. ↑ Stockholmstidningen 1913.
  41. ↑ Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfartstidning 1913.
  42. ↑ Svenska Dagbladet 1919a.
  43. ↑ Dagens Nyheter 1911b.
  44. ↑ Göteborgs-Posten 1914.
  45. ↑ Signalen 1914.
  46. ↑ Varbergsposten 1915.
  47. ↑ Signalen 1916.
  48. ↑ Signalen 1917.
  49. ↑ Svenska Dagbladet 1917.
  50. ↑ Dagens Nyheter 1917e.
  51. ↑ Svenska Dagbladet 1915.
  52. ↑ Lagerlöf Nilsson 2021.
  53. ↑ Dagens Nyheter 1917c.
  54. 1 2 Ansnes 2015.
  55. ↑ Svenska Dagbladet 1902.
  56. ↑ Dagens Nyheter 1914c.
  57. ↑ Dagens Nyheter 1914d.
  58. ↑ Dagens Nyheter 1917.
  59. ↑ Jansson Myhr 2020.
  60. ↑ Sydsvenska Dagbladet 1916.
  61. ↑ Nya Dagligt Allehanda 1898.
  62. ↑ Post- och Inrikes Tidningar 1905.
  63. ↑ Dagens Nyheter 1925.
  64. ↑ Svenska Dagbladet 1910.
  65. ↑ Södertälje Tidning 1905.
  66. ↑ Stockholmsbladet 1906.
  67. ↑ Socialdemokraten 1907.
  68. ↑ Socialdemokraten 1907b.
  69. ↑ Rösträtt för kvinnor 1913.
  70. ↑ Dagens Nyheter 1919a.
  71. ↑ Svenska Dagbladet 1919b.
  72. ↑ Rötter 2017.
  73. ↑ Ärnbäck 2018.

Bibliography

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