 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Portuguese on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Portuguese in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Portuguese language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Distinction is made between the two major standards of the language—Portugal (European Portuguese, EP; broadly the standard also used in Africa and in Asia) and Brazil (Brazilian Portuguese, BP). Neither variant is preferred at Wikipedia, except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant, such as a place in Brazil or an individual from Portugal.
See Portuguese phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Portuguese.
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See also
editNotes
edit- 1 2 3 Portuguese words can only end in vowels and glides (whether oral or nasal), /s~z~ʃ~ʒ/, /ɫ~w/, or /ɾ~ʁ/. Otherwise, an epenthetic /ɨ~i/ is inserted. On the other hand, for most European Portuguese speakers in any context and most Brazilian speakers particularly (but not only) in informal, compressed contexts, word-final vowels might be voiceless or deleted. Vowels other than /ɨ/, when deleted, generally leave behind secondary articulation on the final consonant—[ˠ]+[ʷ~ᵝ~ꟹ] for /u/ in Portugal and Brazil, [ʲ] for /i/ and [ᶣ] for /iu/ only in Brazil—, particularly after (and between) voiceless consonants. This leads to Brazilian sequences of /ti/, /di/ being pronounced [tʃ~tʃʰ], [dʒ~d̥ʒ̊~t̬ʃ̬] even if the vowel is deleted. Most Portuguese final vowels that are not deleted or fully devoiced are breathy-voiced.
- 1 2 3 4 In northern and central Portugal, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are lenited to fricatives of the same place of articulation ([β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively) in all places except after a pause, a nasal vowel, or (for /d/) /l/, when they are stops [b, d, ɡ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g (Mateus & d'Andrade 2000:11).
- 1 2 In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, /d, t/ are affricated to [dʒ, tʃ] before the close front vowels /i, ĩ/.
- 1 2 3 Brazilian Portuguese consonant clusters must have /l~w/, /s~z~ʃ~ʒ/, or /ɾ~ʁ/. Otherwise, such as in bj, dj, dv, ct, bt, pt, ft, mn, tm or dm, an epenthetic /i/ is inserted to break the offending cluster. In many cases, this just causes a palatalization of the preceding consonant. European Portuguese has no such constraint.
- ↑ Final /l/ is vocalized to [w] in Standard Brazilian Portuguese.
- ↑ Although in some dialects it might be pronounced as a voiced post-palatal nasal, in other dialects it might also be pronounced as a nasalized voiced palatal approximant ⟨ȷ̃⟩.
- 1 2 3 4 The fricative /ʁ/ has a considerable variation in Brazil, often being a voiceless velar [x] or glottal fricative [h], or the voiced variants [ɣ ~ ɦ] in standard speech. Uvular variants such as [χ] and [ʁ] that are typical of Portugal also occur in Brazil. Both [ɣ] and [ʁ] occur chiefly before voiced consonants in Brazil, but [ɦ] is common intervocalically. See also Guttural R in Portuguese.
- 1 2 3 The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ⟨r⟩ and /ʁ/ ⟨rr⟩ contrast only between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution, with /ʁ/ occurring word-initially, after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩ and in compounds; /ɾ/ is found elsewhere. In the word-final position, they are neutralized in favor of /ɾ/ in Portugal and some Brazilian dialects and in favor of /ʁ/ in most[citation needed] Brazilian dialects (which is how it is transcribed in this guide).
- ↑ In some dialects of Brazillian portuguese, word final <r> can be silent.
- ↑ Although in most dialects it is pronounced as a voiced alveolar tap, in a very limited rural extent of the state of São Paulo, it might be pronounced as a voiced alveolar approximant ⟨ɹ⟩.
- 1 2 Although in most dialects the letters s and z are always pronounced as a voiceless (if before a pause or voiceless consonant) or voiced (if before a voiced consonant) alveolar fricatives at the end of a word, in some dialects they are pronounced as [ɕ] and [ʑ] instead. In many others, chiefly in Northeast Brazil, this palatalization occurs before alveolar stops, and nearly all Brazilian dialects feature at least some speakers who palatalize s before [tʃ] and [dʒ].
- 1 2 The four coronal fricatives /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/ are neutralized at the end of a syllable. They are voiced before a voiced consonant or a vowel and voiceless elsewhere. In Standard European Portuguese, they are postalveolar [ɕ, ʑ] before consonants and only [ɕ] before pauses; before vowels, only the voiced alveolar [z] appears. In a few dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, the typical pronunciation in almost all positions is alveolar [s, z], but in most dialects they are postalveolar as in Portugal at least sometimes, and in a few they pattern identically to Portugal.
- 1 2 3 4 In most Portuguese dialects that have a palatalized sound for the letters s and z at the end of a syllable, these are pronounced as alveolo-palatal ([ɕ], [ʑ]), whereas the phonemes /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are palato-alveolar ([ʃ], [ʒ]), particularly before unrounded vowels. These lead to a minimal pair between às duas vezes and age duas vezes in Portugal, and when combined with unstressed vowel deletion, between escória and chicória as well as isqueiro and chiqueiro in Brazil. Some people in Portugal and Brazil might only have an alveolo-palatal articulation, and some in Angola and Mozambique might only have a palato-alveolar one.[citation needed]
- ↑ Intervocalic glides are ambisyllabic, they are part of previous falling diphthongs and they are geminated to next syllable onset. Examples of such pronunciations are goiaba [ɡojˈjabɐ] and Cauã for [kawˈwɐ̃].
- ↑ Nasal vowels often break into diphthongs without being phonemically a pair of two distinct segments e.g. tom /ˈtõ/ [ˈtõw̃], encho /ˈẽʃu/ [ˈẽ̞j̃ʃu], cansaço /kɐ̃ˈsasu/ [kɜ̝̃ɰ̃ˈsäsu].
- ↑ In unstressed syllables, vowels tend to raise. More specifically, /a/ becomes /ɐ/, and both /o/ and /ɔ/ become /u/. For /e/ and /ɛ/, they both become /i/ in Brazil and /ɨ/ in Portugal, except before another vowel, in which /i/ occurs in any dialect.
- 1 2 Most Brazilian dialects have the close /ɐ/ in the stressed diphthong spelled ⟨ai⟩ before /m/ and /n/. In many dialects it is also nasalized. Its real place of articulation is actually a much more closed [ɜ̃] or [ə̃]. Many speakers of those dialects, including broadcast media, use the open /a/ for some words like Jaime and Roraima.
- ↑ In the dialect of Lisbon, /e/ merges with /ɐ/ when it comes before palatal sounds (e.g. abelha, venho, jeito).
- ↑ There is no diphthong before palatal consonant, so hiatuses are not indicated before /ɲ/, and there is no sequences of vowel plus high vowel before /ʎ/ (e.g. rainha /ʁaˈiɲɐ/).
- ↑ Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses, as in frio ('cold') and rio ('river'), may vary between a reduced vowel [ˈfɾi.u] and a glide [ˈfɾiw], exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like eu rio [ˈew ˈʁi.u] (I laugh) and ele riu [ˈelɨ ˈʁiw] (he laughed).
References
edit- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1999). "Portuguese (European)". In International Phonetic Association (ed.). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–130. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000). The Phonology of Portuguese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-823581-X.
External link
edit- Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa com Acordo Ortográfico. An on-line dictionary with IPA phonetic transcription. (in Portuguese)
- Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa anterior ao Acordo Ortográfico de 1990. An online dictionary of European Portuguese that corresponds to the Orthography used before the Orthographic Agreement of 1990.