Wikipedia

Gujari

Gujari[c] (گُجری) also spelt Gurjari, Gojri, Gujri, Gojari, or Gurjar[a] is a Central Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages, spoken by most of the Gurjars in the northern parts of India and Pakistan, as well as in eastern parts of Afghanistan.[16][17] Gujari is the second most widely spoken language in Azad Kashmir, after Pahari, and third most widely spoken language in Jammu and Kashmir, after Kashmiri and Dogri.[18]: 109  It is mostly spoken in the northern Pakistan, including Gilgit-Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Azad Kashmir, and north western Indian states, including, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Haryana and also in the eastern parts of Afghanistan.[19]: 68-69  Gujari has strong linguistic similarities to Rajasthani, Punjabi, Haryanvi, Gujarati, Dogri, and Pahari, especially in phonology and morphology, indicating the bond between it and these various Indo-Aryan languages.[18]: 112 

Gujari
  • Gurjari
  • Gojri
  • Gujjari
  • Gurjar
[a]
  • گُجری
  • गुर्जरी
Gurjari written in Takri, Perso-Arabic script (middle) and Devanagari (bottom)
Pronunciation[ɡuːdʒəreː] ⓘ
Native toIndia, Pakistan, Afghanistan
Region
Native speakers
20 million (2018-2022 estimates)[b]
Standard forms
Dialects
Takri, Perso-Arabic script, Devanagari
Language codes
ISO 639-3gju
Glottologguja1253

It is spoken by 19% of population in Azad Kashmir and by 9.5% population in Jammu and Kashmir as the mother tongue.[d] Gujari is the second most spoken language in Azad Kashmir and Jammu and Kashmir,[21] and rank sixth or seventh in Gilgit-Baltistan. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gujari is a major language, ranking after Pashto, Hindko, and Saraiki. It is mainly spoken in the northern half of the KPK province.[22]

Gujari is written mainly in the Perso-Arabic script in Pakistan, but in India it is written in both the Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari. In 1999 the Government of Jammu and Kashmir recognized Gujari by including the language in the sixth schedule of the state constitution.[23][24][25]

In March 2025 the Government of Azad Kashmir included the Gujari an optional subject in the course curriculum for grades sixth and eight.[26][27] On 27 October 2025 the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa made Gujari the sixth officially recognized language in the provincial assembly.[28][29]

Origin and history

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Origin

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Some scholars have linked the Gujari language's origins and characteristics to the Gurjar Apabhraṃśa, a language form described by ancient Sanskrit grammarians.[30]

In the Indian subcontinent, the language known as "Indik" eventually evolved into Sanskrit and became the language of the elite. As Sanskrit spread, it branched out into various regional languages, known as Prakrit or Indo-Aryan languages. Some researchers believe Gujari is one of these Prakrit, while others argue it's even older than Sanskrit, suggesting Gurjars spoke it when they arrived in India with the Aryans. This view posits that Gujari, with its regional variations, diverged slightly from Sanskrit.[19]: 67  

Rita Kothari noted that Gurjar Apabhramsa was used as a literary language by the 12th century, with references in poet Bhoja's work (1014 AD). Ancient Indian philosopher Patanjali's classification described Apabhramsa as languages spoken in northern India. However, as per Shapiro & Michael[disambiguation needed], the term Apabhramsa is broadly applied in Indology, making it unlikely that Gujari was specifically known as Apabhramsa or directly descended from Gurjar Apabhraṃśa.[31]

History

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In this regard Gujari language has a special place among the ancient languages of India (Gujari being evidence that it existed before Jesus Christ).[18]: 109 

Gujarat Sultans also encouraged Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit literature. It has been noted that the people of Gujarat promoted a ‘Gujari’ lingua franca whose forms were distinctly Gujarati (influenced by the culture of the state of Gujarat). They also used Gujari as both an expression of literary work and, like other forms of communication in the empire, to connect the court of Gujarat with other Indo-Muslim courts in north India and the Deccan.[32]

Significant progress has been made in standardising Gujari writing notably with the publication of "Gojri Grammar" by T. Grahame Bailey in 1905 and with the publication of a six volume book of Gujari dictionary by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages (JKAACL) in 1992 which was put together over a period of ten years.[18]: 109 

Also notable publications published by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages include Sheeraza and Awaz-e-Gurjar Journals published with Gujari literature.[18]: 109 

In 1992 Hallberg and O'Leary carried out a comprehensive study of the Gujari dialects spoken by Gujjars in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir and classified them into Eastern and Western dialect groups on the basis of lexical similarity and intelligibility.[33]

In 1997 Hugoniot and Polster also examined the Eastern Gujari dialect of Dodhi Gujjars of the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.[33]

It was also officially declared as a mother tongue in 2006 with the admission of Gujari as a mother tongue by the Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education (JKBOSE).[18]: 109 

According to Bukhari's (2007) observations, Gujari has been significantly shaped by other Indo-Aryan languages, including Urdu, Hindko and Pahari.[34]: 1 

In March 2023, a Gujjar organisation Gujjar Qaumi Movement (GQM) petitioned the Peshawar High Court for included Gujari in the census of 2023.[35]

In March 2025 Government of Azad Kashmir included Gujari language as an optional subject in the curriculum of Classes 6 and 8.[26][36]

In May 2025 Gojri language books by Professor Muhammad Naseer Miskeen in the Gojri language were republished by Gandhara Hindko Academy in Peshawar and Gojri short stories in Urdu in "Gojri Afsaaney" and "Sheesho", comedy poetry.[37]

Gujari was admitted as a local language at the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on 27 October 2025 (unanimously) becoming the sixth language of the provincial legislative assembly.[28][29]

Literary traditions

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Gujari folklore is very large, including songs, ballads and folktales, known as Dastans. Hundreds of folk songs have been recorded and published, including "Nooro", "Tajo", "Nura Beguma", "Shupiya", "Kunjhdi", "Mariyan".[38]

Taukeer Alam narrating a folklore in Van Gujjari

A modern tradition of creative writing encompasses poets such as Sain Qadar Bakhsh, Noon Poonchi, and others. Others such as Mian Nizam ud Din, Khuda Bakhsh Zar, Zabih Rajourvi, Shams ud Din Mehjoor Poonchi, Mian Bashir Ahmed, Javaid Rahi, Rafiq Anjum, Milki Ram Kushan, Sarwari Kassana, Naseem Poonchi have also made remarkable contributions to Gujari through poetry, prose and criticism.[39]

Dialects

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The Gujari language have two major dialects Eastern Gujari and Western Gujari.[39][40] Both of these two dialects spoken in Pakistan:[41] in the areas of Gilgit-Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir. These two dialects share approximately 64% to 94% lexical similarities.[40]

Western Gujari

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Western Gujari is mainly spoken by the Gurjars in the Hazara region and other districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[40][42] These districts include Battagram, Swat, Dir, Haripur, Mansehra, and Black Mountain. It is also spoken in many areas of eastern Afghanistan.[43] Western Gujari is easily understand for the speaker of eastern Gujari.[40]

Eastern Gujari

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Eastern Gujari is mostly spoken in the Shinkari area of eastern Mansehra and also in Nagaki, Kakul, and Sarban union councils located near Abottabad district of Hazara region.[43] It is also mixed with northern Hindko and Pahari languages.[40][44]

Other dialects

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Van Gujari

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Taukeer Alam introducing himself in Van Gujjari

Van Gujjari is a variety of the Gujari language spoken by the Van Gujjars of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.

Bakerwali

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Bakerwali Gujari is mainly spoken by the Bakarwal Gujjars in Indian administrated Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.[45]

Banihari

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Banihari Gujari is mainly spoken by the Dhodhi or Banihara Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir. It is closely related to Dogri, Kashmiri and Gujari spoken in various villages of Kashmir.[46]

Regional dialects

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  • Kunar Gujari: Kunar or Kunari Gujari is mainly spoken by the Gujjars of Kunar province in Afghanistan.[47]
  • Chitral Gujari: Chitrali Gujari is mainly Gujari spoken in the Chitral valley and Ashriki area of Chitral.[47]
  • Swat Gujari: It is spoken by the Gujjars of Peshmal and Raguhu valleys of Swat district.[47]
  • Gilgit Gujari: It is spoken in Naltar valley and Bala in Gilgit-Baltistan.[47]
  • Kaghan Gujari: It is poken mainly in Mittikot village in Kaghan valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[47]
  • Poonch Gujari: Mainly spoken in Mendhar and Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir, India.[47]
  • Gujaranwala Gujari: It is mainly spoken by the Gujjars migrated from Agra district of Uttar Pradesh, India.[47]
  • Dir Gujari: Mainly spoken in Sheringal area in the Dir region of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[47]
  • Southern Hazara Gujari: It is spoken in Tarchatti in the Hazara region of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[47]
  • Central Azad Kashmir Gujari: Mainly spoken in Trarkheli area of Azad Kashmir.[47]
  • Southern Azad Kashmir Gujari: Mainly spoken in the Kotli district of Azad Kashmir.[47]
  • Maharashtrian Gujari: also known Khandeshi Gujari or Ded Gujari, Is a dialect of Gujari spoken by Gurjars in the Marathwada, and Khandesh regions of Maharashtra. It is mixed with local languages like Marathi, Ahirani, Bhili and Powari.[48]: 106 - 107 

Classification

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Scholars disagree on the precise classification of the Gujari language. Walter Roper Lawrence said that the Gujari language was Parimu or Hindko (Hindki). Scholars have since disputed this assumption after conducting research.[30]

Colin Paul Masica and Sir George Abraham Grierson argued that the language Gujari is closely related to the group of Rajasthani languages.[49][50] Grieson argued that either Rajasthani was the dialect of Gujari or vice versa. He found that it is indeed evident that Gujari has been rehashed to Rajasthani – because there are strong similarities between it and Marwari and even stronger similarities between it and Mewati.[30][51] Ethnologue, however, lists the language as not classed as in the Marwari branch of the Rajasthani languages, but has three distinct dialects of Gujari in existence: Western Gujari, Eastern Gujari and Dhed Gujari. Khandeshi (or Dedh Gujari) is spoken mainly in some parts of Maharashtra and Gujarat.[52]

Additionally, in the linguistics Survey of India (the) George Abraham Grierson placed Gujari within the Western Pahari language family.[53]

As noted by Jagdish Chandra Sharma (J. C. Sharma), psychological aspects of Gujari are similar to those of Punjabi language.[43]

Prior to the partition of India Gujari was enumerated in census reports as a dialect of (Marwari) Rajasthani by the State Government of Rajasthan[30] Some scholars argue that Gujari is closely related to the Marwari language.[30]

Frederick Drew wrote in 1875 that Gujari is a type of Pahari language, but his conclusion was later disputed by the Indian Census of 1911. The Indian Census of 1941 states that although Gujari has been classified as Pahari language since Drew's writing, that label may not be more reliable than that earlier given to it as Rajasthani.[30][18]: 112 

Wanye E. Losey disagreed with the classification of Indo-Aryan languages and submitted that observation of Gujari language in the Phonological and Morphological sense in no way seems to implicate any relation between it and Rajasthani (Marwari) or Punjabi language.[43]

Geographical distribution

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India

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Jammu and Kashmir

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Gujari speaking Gujjars and Bakarwals are concentrated in all districts of Jammu and Kashmir and also in Kargil district of Ladakh. As per 2011 census in Jammu and Kashmir there were 11,35,196 Gujari speakers and 34,858 were Khandeshi-Gujari (also known Ded-Gujari) speaking individuals. Total their population was 1,170,054.[54]

There are approximately 8 million Gujari speakers in Jammu and Kashmir.[7]

Population

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Districts wise Gujari speakers per 2011 census in Jammu and Kashmir.

2011 census[55][56]
DistrictsGujariPercentage
Rajouri2,21,55335.17%
Kishtwar33,12714.36%
Kupwara80,1639.21%
Baramulla34,7503.45%
Pulwama22,1893.96%
Shupiyan23,4258.8%
Anantnag1,23,60611.46%
Kulgam26,8276.32%
Bandipore34,5868.82%
Badgam23,9123.01%
Srinagar8,9351%
Udhampur28,7705.18%
Jammu59,0483.86%
Samba13,7664.32%
Ganderbal61,07020.21%
Poonch1,86,65840.39%
Doda30,2007.53%
Ramban30,65412.18%
Reasi77,67425.6%
Kathua21.5993.5%

Historical population

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Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1941283,741—    
1961209,327−1.51%
1971695,375+12.76%
1981428,106−4.74%
2001747,850+2.83%
20111,170,054+4.58%
source: Indian census 1941[57] _ 1961[57] _ 1971[57] _ 1981[58] _ 2001[59] _ 2011[59]

The Gujari speaking population in Jammu and Kashmir was 7,47,850 with an increase of +2.83% according to the 2001 Indian census.[59]

The 2011 Indian census showed a +4.58% increase in the Gujari speaking population, reaching 1,170,054 in the Jammu and Kashmir region.[59]

Maharashtra

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In the 2011 Indian census, the Gujari-speaking population in Maharashtra state was recorded as 55,735.[60]

Himachal Pradesh

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In 1961 census in Himachal Pradesh Gujari speaking Gurjars were recorded as 4,927.[61] In the 2011 Indian census, the Gujari-speaking population was recorded as 14,127, mostly spoken by Muslim Gujjars in the Chamba, Kangra and Solan districts.[62]

Indian Punjab

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In the 2011 Indian census, the Gujari-speaking population in Punjab, India was recorded as 7,024, spoken by Muslim Gujjars in the Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, Amritsar and Pathankot districts.[63]

Madhya Pradesh

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In Madhya Pradesh's 1961 census Gujari speaking were recorded as 453.[61] In the 2011 Indian census, the Gujari-speaking population in Madhya Pradesh was recorded as 5,977, spoken by Hindu Gurjars.[64]

Uttarakhand

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In the 2011 Indian census, the Gujari-speaking population In Uttarakhand was recorded as 3,822, mostly spoken by Muslim Gujjars in the Dehradun and Haridwar districts.[65]

Gujarat

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In the 2011 Indian census, the Gujari-speaking population in Gujarat was recorded as 3,496 spoken by Hindu Gurjars.[66]

Uttar Pradesh

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In 1961 Indian census in Uttar Pradesh Gujari speakers were recorded as 1,448.[61] In the 2011 census in Uttar Pradesh Gujari-speaking, Gujars were recorded as 1,758.[67]

Rajasthan

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In the 2011 census of India, the Gujari-speaking population in Rajasthan was recorded as 308 spoken by Hindu Gurjars.[68]

Haryana and Chhattisgarh

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In the 2011 Indian census, the Gujari-speaking population in Haryana was recorded as 129.[69] In Chhattisgarh state their population recorded as only 12 individuals in 2011 census of India.[70]

Pakistan

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Azad Kashmir

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Gujari as a second and third largest mother tongue by district in Pakistan

In Azad Kashmir Gujari speaking Gujjars are estimated to be around 8,00,000.[71][72][73] Gujari speakers are found in all ten districts of Azad Kashmir, while non Gujari speaking Gujjars are not included. Muzaffarabad, Kotli, Jhelum (Hattian Bala) and Haveli are major districts where share of Gujari is spoken as mother tongue is 35-30%.

Population

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Gujar speaking population share in districts of Azad Kashmir.

2020 census statistics[74]
DistrictsGujari %
Muzaffarabad35%
Kotli35%
Jehlum35%
Haveli30%
Mirpur10%
Neelum10%
Poonch6%
Bhimber5%
Bagh3%
Sudhanoti1 or 2%

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

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Gujari is a major language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after Pashto, Hindko, and Saraiki. It is spoken in the northern half of the KPK province. Gujari is mainly spoken in almost all major cities and cantonment areas of the province.[22] There is no numbers for Gujari speakers is available in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as Gujari is not included in any census reports for KPK. There are approximately 2,23,505 Gujari-speaking Gujjars in north western parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[e] As per estimation there were 2,910 in 1969 for Chitral District[75] and as per 2025 estimates their population is 40,000 in Swat Kohistan.[76] In Lower Dir District their population is 10,500.[77]

Indus Kohistan is now divided in three districts: Lower Kohistan District, Upper Kohistan District & Kolai-Palas Kohistan District located in the Kohistan region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In the 2023 census of Pakistan, the total population of these three districts was 10,43,126. Gujjars made up around 10.5% of the combined population of these three districts (in Indus Kohistan), with a population of 1,09,528.[78] In Battagram District, Gujari speakers make UP 18% of the population, with 60,477 people.[79] Although they are found throughout northern areas of Pakistan especially in Hazara region.[75]

Gilgit-Baltistan

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In Gilgit-Baltistan, there are six major languages are spoken by different ethnic groups, and Gujari is one of them.[1][2]

Afghanistan

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The population of Gujari (Gojri) speakers in Afghanistan is scattered in the eastern parts of Afghanistan and numbers at 18,580 (according to a 2015 estimate).[80][81] However, other estimates from local tribesmen estimate upwards of 50,000.

Writing System

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Gujari can be written using both Nastaliq and Devanagari scripts. In India, Devanagari is more common in Indian states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttarakhand, while Nastaliq is used in Kashmir. Over in Pakistan, usually Nastaliq script used by Gujjar people in Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan, Hazara, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[39][24]

Typological features

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Gujari shares linguistic similarities with nearby Indo-Aryan languages like Urdu, Hindi, Marwari, Gujarati, Mewati, Punjabi, Pahadi, Haryanvi, and Hindko.[19]: 70 

Orthodoxy

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Before Islam, it's unclear how Gujari was written down. Around 1900 AD, when Gujjar tribes migrated to the Himalayan valleys, they started to develop a more regular way of writing Gujari. Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh Gujjars played a role, using different scripts. Gojri mixes letters from Persian, Urdu, Devanagari, and Gurmukhi. The alphabet is like Urdu's, but it has its own distinct sounds.[19]: 70 

Phonology

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The sounds in Gujari are much like other Indo-Aryan languages. There are constants, vowels, and special sounds like nassals, voiced and voiceless stops, and Retroflex consonants.[34]: 2 

Consonants[82]
Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Retroflex Post-alv/
Palatal		 Velar Glottal
Plosive/
Affricate		 voiceless p t ʈ t͡ɕ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t͡ɕʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɖ d͡ʑ ɡ
breathy bʱ dʱ ɖʱ d͡ʑʱ ɡʱ
implosive ɓ ɗ
Fricative s h
Nasal m n ɳ ŋ
Flap voiced ɾ ɽ
breathy ɾʱ ɽʱ
Lateral voiced l ɭ
breathy lʱ ɭʱ
Continuant j w
  • Gujari exhibits a fossilised system of vowel harmony as other Indo-Aryan languages of the same areas including Dogri, Rajasthani, Punjabi, Pahadi, and Kangri.[82]
Vowels[82]
Front Central Back
Close i u
ɪ ʊ
Mid e ə o
ɛ ɔ
Open ä
  • Nasalization: Gujari language has vowel nasalization /~/.
  • Tones: Gujari has a high tone/´/.[82]

Institutions and media

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All India Radio and Doordarshan Kendra run various Gujari programmes. Radio Kashmir Jammu, Srinagar, Poonch in India and seven radio stations of Pakistan and PTV air Gujari programmes and news bulletins accepted across Jammu and Kashmir. Books have been published in Gujari, including encyclopedias, poetry, fiction and non-fiction, on topics including dictionaries, grammars, nature, folklore, art and architecture, agriculture, sociology and research.[83]

The National Academy of Letters, Sahitya Akademi, recognized Gujari as one of the major Indian languages for its National Award, Bhasha Samman, and other programmes. The Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Arts, Culture and Languages established a Gujari Department in its Central Office in the 1970s and published in Gujari. They organized seminars, conferences, etc. for the development of the Gujari Language. Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education made curriculum in Gujari up to Middle Standard for teaching Gujari in schools. The University of Jammu Council approved the opening of Gojri Research Centre in Jammu University and University of Kashmir that have been awarded doctorate degrees on completing research projects on the language. In Pakistan administered Kashmir, the Gujari Academy has been established and postgraduate studies departments were set up in various universities and regional research centers.

In some areas of Afghanistan and Kunar Province local radio stations air programs in Gujari, Nuristani and other languages.[84]

Resemblance

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Gujari has connections to Urdu and Marwari (Rajasthani) because they all come from the same Indo-Aryan background. You can see this in how they are written and their vocabulary. Gujari takes words, such as Zubaan (meaning language), from Urdu, like in the phrase 'Gujari Mahri Zubaan'.[18]: 111  It's also similar to other Indo-Aryan languages like Punjabi, Urdu/Hindi, Pahari, Hindko, and Kangri.

Words comparison[85]
English Sanskrit Gujari Urdu|Hindi Punjabi Kangri Rajasthani
Work Karma Kamm Kaam Kamm Kamm Kaam
Ear Karna Kann Kaan Kann Kann Kaan
Forehead Masta Mattho Maathaa Mathha Mattha Matho
Hot Tapta Tatto Taataa Tatta Tatta TaatoZ
Sweet misTha miTTho miiThaa miTTha miTTha miiTo
Eye aksi akhhā ākh ãkkh akkhã ãkhy
Seven Sapta satt saat satt satt Saat
Words comparison[86]
English Gujari Hindko Pahari
Father baːp peː peoː
Daughter tiji tiji ti
Tree buːʈoː buːʈa buːʈa
Mountain paːɽ ʈaka ʈakiː / ʈaka
Tongue dʑiːb dʑiːb dʑiːw
Twenty biː biːs viː
GujariEnglishUrdu
Kam Work Kaam
Acho Good Acha
Kuj Some Kuch
Kalo Black Kala
Hor More Aur
Sunn Listen Sunn

Proverbs and traditional words

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Gujari language has different proverbs in its various dialects. These proverbs vary in delivery and tone across different regions and dialects. Some proverbs in Maharashtrian Gujari are:[48]: 131 - 132 

Proverbs

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Maharashtrian Gujari[48]: 131 - 132 EnglishUrduHindi
'Sangri na Bharse Dangri Mati' and 'Kutai Kutai Mari' Company of a bad person is always full of unhappiness

بُرے انسان کی صحبت ہمیشہ بے سکونی سے بھری ہوتی ہے۔

 बुरे व्यक्ति का साथ हमेशा परेशानी ही देता है
'Chandan Layi gadhan and 'Ukhallo purena loyan' A person's original nature can never be changed انسان کی اصل فطرت کبھی نہیں بدل سکتی۔ इंसान का असली स्वभाव कभी नहीं बदलता
Chabharya manusan babrya oth ani bigar icharani sange got A person who meddles between unasked بلا پوچھے مداخلت کرنے والا شخص बिना पूछे टांग अड़ाने वाला इंसान

Traditional words

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Maharashtrian Gujari[48]: 131 - 132 EnglishUrduHindi
Maanusnu dagadse bhi kaam padas' A man may need anyone or anything like a stone, so we should behave well with all

انسان کو کبھی بھی کسی کی ضرورت پڑ سکتی ہے، پتھر جیسی چیز کی بھی، اس لیے ہمیں سب کے ساتھ اچھا سلوک کرنا چاہیے۔

 इंसान को कभी किसी की भी ज़रूरत पड़ सकती है, पत्थर जैसी चीज़ की भी, इसलिए हमें सबके साथ अच्छा व्यवहार करना चाहिए।
Bolnarana bora ikai jatas, pan na bolnarana Bansi Gahu bhi ikata nahi A man must speak when it is necessary, otherwise he may lose انسان کو جب ضروری ہو تب ہی بولنا چاہیے، ورنہ وہ نقصان اٹھا سکتا ہے۔ इंसान को जब ज़रूरी हो तभी बोलना चाहिए, वरना वह नुकसान उठा सकता है।
Jawani ek laaj, and Awani be laaj Any type of bad behavior to anyone is always bad

کسی کے ساتھ بھی کسی بھی قسم کا بُرا سلوک ہمیشہ بُرا ہی ہوتا ہے۔

 किसी के साथ भी किसी भी तरह का बुरा व्यवहार हमेशा गलत होता है।

Gujari calendar

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Gurjars split the year into 12 months, months into weeks, and weeks into 7 days. They mostly use the Islamic Hijrari calendar, but for daily many Gurjars in northern Pakistan, northern India, and eastern Afghanistan still use their own Gujari calendar. The Gujari calendar comes from the Vikram Samvat system, and most weekdays keep Gojri names.[87]

Gujari calendar[87]Islamic calendarMonths
Chaitar Muharram March - April
Baisakh Safar April - May
Jeth Rabi' al-Awwal May - June
Arh Rabi' al-Thani June - July
Sann Jumada al-Awwal July - August
Badho Jumada al-Thani August - September
Asu Rajab September - October
Kaliyaro Sha'ban October - November
Mangeru Ramadan November - December
Pau Shawwal December - January
Mago Dhu'l-Qa'da January - February
Phagunn Dhu'l-Hijja February - March

Phrases

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Colors

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Sentences

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  1. Gujari: Ó is Ilākāko mālik tho.
    1. Translation: He was the owner of this area.
  1. Gujari: Rasó sat te Haam charā gi.
    1. Translation: Throw the rope and we will climb [out]!

Sample text

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Gujari (Romanized) Ik aqal mand jaṇo tho. Wóh khāso hī gharīb tho. Qismat ko māreyo wóh mañdē hāl jaṇo qismat azmān wāstē apno shehar chhoṛ kē kisi dūja shehar mā chalē geyo. Jadd us nawāñ shehar kā lokān na usko hāl ahwāl pato laggo tē unhān nê us na kaheyo: Ay mhārā dostā! Tūñ ik kamm kar. Is shehar mā ik baṛo māl tē daulat āḷo bando hai. Wóh baṛo nēk tē khudā tars hai. Pūra shehar mā us ki sakhāwat ko mūch charcho hai. Aiso sakhi ke Hātim Tāī vī us var fakhar karē. Tūñ bila jhijhak te bē-khauf us ke koḷ chalo jā. Teri tang dasti us ki daryā dili nāl dūr ho jē gi." Us gharīb jaṇē nē jadd is amīr kī itnī ta'rīf sunī tē wóh baṛī ummīd te ās lai kē us ke koḷ chaleyo geyo. Par utt jā ke dekhè ke wóh daulat mand bando te baṛo ṭhāṭh bāṭh disan āḷo tē maghrūr jeyo bando hai.
Gujari (Nastaʿlīq) اک عقل مند جنو تھو۔ وہ خاصو ہی غریب تھو۔ قسمت کو ماریو وہ مندے حال جنوں قسمت از مان واسطے اپنو شہر چھوڑ کے کسی دو جا شہر ما چلے گیو ۔ جد اس نواں شہر کا لوکاں نا اسکو حال احوال پتولگو تے اُنہاں نے اُس نا کہیو :اے مھارا دوستا! توں اک کم کر۔ اس شہر مالاک بڑو مال تے دولت آلو بندو ہے۔ وہ بڑونیک تے خدا ترس ہے۔ پورا شہر ما اُس کی سخاوت کو موچھ چرچو ہے۔ ایسوسخی کہ حاتم طائی وی اُس ور فخر کرے۔ توں بلا جھجھک تے بے خوف اُس کے کول چلو جا۔ تیری تنگ دستی اُس کی دریا دلی نال دور ہو جے گی اُس غریب جنا نے جد اس امیر کی اتنی تعریف سنی تے وہ بڑی امید تے آس لے کے اُس کے کول چلیو گیو۔ پر اُت جاکے کے دیکھے کہ وہ دولت مند بندو تے بڑو ٹھاٹھ باٹھ دسن آلو تے مغرور جیو بندو ہے۔
Urdu (Nastaʿlīq) ایک عقلمند انسان تھا- وہ بوہت ہی غریب تھا- قسمت کا مارا بورے ہال میں وہ قسمت ازمانے کلیئے اپنا شہر چورکے کسی دوسرے شہر چلا گیا ۔ جب نئے شہر کے لوگوں کو اسکا حال احوال پتا لگا تو انہونے اس سے کہا: "اے میرے دوست ایک کام کرو- اس شہر میں ایک بوہت مال و دولت والا آدمی ہے۔ وہ بوہت نیک اور خدا ترس آدمی ہے۔ پو رے شہر میں اسکی سخاوت کے بوہت چرچے ہیں- ایسا سخی کے حاتم طائی بھی اسپے فخر کرے ۔ تم بلا جھجھک بے خوف اس کے پاس چلے جاؤ۔ آپکی تنگدستی اسکی دریا دلی سے دور ہو گی-" اس غریب انسان نے اس امیر آدمی کی اتنی طریف سنی کے وہ بوہت امید اور آس لے کے اس کے پاس چلا گیا- پر اُدھر جاکے دیکھتا ہے کے وو دولت مند آدمی بوہت ٹھا ٹھہ بھاٹھ والا اور مغرور انسان ہے۔
English translation There was a wise man. He was very poor. Down on his luck, he left his own city and went to another city to try his fortune. When the people of the new city learned about his situation, they told him: "My friend, do this — there is very wealthy man in this city. He is a very kind and God-fearing man. His generosity is famous throughout the city. He is so generous that even Hatim Tai would be proud of him. Go to without any hesitation or fear your poverty will be revealed by his generosity." After hearing so much praise for that rich man, the poor man went to him full of hope and expectation. But when he got there, he saw that the wealthy man was very pompous, ostentatious, and arrogant.
Hindi (Devanagari) एक बुद्धिमान इंसान था। वह बहुत ही गरीब था। किस्मत का मारा, बुरे हाल में वह अपनी किस्मत आजमाने के लिए अपना शहर छोड़कर किसी दूसरे शहर चला गया। जब नए शहर के लोगों को उसका हाल-अहवाल पता लगा तो उन्होंने उससे कहा: "ऐ मेरे दोस्त, एक काम करो— इस शहर में एक बहुत माल और दौलत वाला आदमी है। वह बहुत नेक और खुदा-तरस आदमी है। पूरे शहर में उसकी सखावत के बहुत चर्चे हैं। ऐसा सखी कि हातिम ताई भी उस पर फख्र करे। तुम बेझिझक, बेखौफ उसके पास चले जाओ। आपकी तंगदस्ती उसकी दरियादिली से दूर हो जाएगी।" उस गरीब इंसान ने उस अमीर आदमी की इतनी तारीफ सुनी कि वह बहुत उम्मीद और आस लेकर उसके पास चला गया। पर वहाँ जाकर देखता है कि वह दौलतमंद आदमी बहुत ठाठ-बाट वाला और मगरूर इंसान है।

Revival

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In lower or plain areas of Pakistan, Gujjars have a major concentration in districts like Islamabad, Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Jhelum, Gujrat, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Lahore and Layyah. However, due to the revolution of time, the majority of them have forgotten or stopped speaking Gujrai. Gojri Bahali Programme (Gojri Revival Programme) has been launched in these areas to encourage Gujjars to restart speaking Gujari. Though this programme has a particular focus on these areas, it extends to the whole of Pakistan. Under this programme, Gujjars are being persuaded to readopt Gujari as their mother language. They are also being asked to mention it in the mother language column of various forms at educational institutions; when applying for computerised national identity card; and while filling out their particulars when seeking employment. Under this programme, the federal government will be asked to add Gujari in the mother language column of the population census. Similarly, the University of Gujrat will be asked to set up Gojri Department. The programme is the initiative of Muhammad Afsar Khan, a Kunduana Gujjar from Chak Dina village in Gujrat District. Kunduanas are a branch of Khatana Gujjars and trace their descent from Kandu, a famous Gujjar who lived during the reign of Mughal King Akbar or immediately before him in Gujrat district. His grave survives to date in Makiana village in Gujrat tehsil.[88]

On 25 December 2022, a group of Gujjars in the Lower Dir District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa requested Gujari be taught in schools. Sardar Shajehan Yousef gave the keynote speech at this event. It was organized by Tehreek Haquq-i-Gujjar Pakistan. Other figures, including Haji Zarin Khan, Bakht Zada Gujjar, and Imran Yousaf Gujjar, spoke at the meeting. Attendees came from Punjab and Azad Kashmir. The speakers shared stories of the Gujjars' bravery throughout history, including their fight against the British during the 1857 independence movement.[89]

The Government of Azad Kashmir, the University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and the Allama Iqbal Open University have begun studies on how to protect and keep the Gujari language of Azad Kashmir alive.[90]

Bibliography

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Dictionaries

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  • Gojri Dictionary (six volumes)
  • Concise Gojri Dictionary
  • Hindi- Gojri Dictionary
  • Folk-Lore Dictionary (two volumes)
  • Hindi- Gojri Dictionary
  • Gojri English Dictionary

Books

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  • Gojri Lok Geet (2018)
  • Gujjar Tribe of Jammu and Kashmir (2015)
  • The Gujjars vol 1 to 6 (2013–16)
  • Qadeem Gojri Lughat (2013)
  • The Gujjar Tribe of J&K (2012)
  • Gojri Grammer (2012)
  • Tagore di Chunam Shairi (2011)
  • Jammu Kashmir de Qabaila-te-uhna diya boliyaa (2010)
  • Gujjar Tarekh (2009)
  • Anjum Shanasi Biography (2007)
  • Sajra Phull (Hakeem) (2007)
  • Peehng (Mukhlis) (2007)
  • Gujjar Shanakhat Ka Safar (in Urdu, 2005)
  • Akhan Gojri Quotations (2004)
  • Gojri Kahawat Kosh Gojri Quotations (2004)
  • Gujjar ate Gojri (2004)
  • Encyclopedia of Himalayan Gujjars (encyclopaedia in multiple volumes, 2000)[91]
  • Gojri Books
  • Sajar Boot (book series)
  • Gujari: Gwjry Syrt Alnby Ṣly Allh ʿlyh Wslm(lškār Mḥmd) Mṣnf Mfty Mḥmd Adrys Wly Hswāl Gwjr
  • The Gujjars Tribe of Jammu and Kashmir[92]
  • Lok-Virso (1999)

Journals

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  • Sheeraza Gojri-Bi-Monthly[93][94]
  • Maharo Adab Gojri
  • Shingran Ka Geet
  • Gojri Ka Lal
  • Qadawar
  • Paneeri
  • Gojri Look Geet
  • Gojri Look Kahani
  • Gujjar Aur Gojri
  • Gojri Zaban-o-Adab

Further reading

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  • 2012: Javaid Rahi, The Gujjar Tribe of Jammu & Kashmir -Gulshan Books, Srinagar J&K 190001, 305 pp. ISBN 81-8339-103-6.
  • Bashir, Syed Iram (2016). An ethnolinguistic study of gojri speakers of Jammu and Kashmir (PhD). University of Mysore. hdl:10603/147974.

Notes

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  1. 1 2 Gujari also known as Gojri, Gujjari, Gojari, Gurjar, Gujuri, Gurjari, Gujer, Gujar, Gojar, Gogari, Guzari, Rajasthani Gujuri, and Kashmir Gujuri.[11][12][13][14][15]
  2. ↑ Gujari (Gojri) is approximately spoken by 20 millions individuals, mostly by Muslim Gujjars of Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India.[5][6][7]
  3. ↑ English: /ɡʌjæri/ GUU-JAH-REE; Urdu: [ɡuːdʒəreː] ⓘ
  4. ↑ Gujari share in Azad Kashmir's total population is 19%, and in Jammu and Kashmir, its share is 9. 5%.[20]
  5. ↑ These numbers are based on the estimates for Chitral District (1969), Swat Kohistan (2025), Indus Kohistan (now divided into Upper Kohistan District, Lower Kohistan District & Kolai-Palas Kohistan District) (1,09,528, 2024), Lower Dir District (10,500), and for Battagram District (18%, 60,477).

See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 "GEOGRAPHY & DEMOGRAPHY OF GILGIT BALTISTAN: Languages :: Gojri". Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 16 October 2025.
  2. 1 2 "Treading the Sacred Linguistic Landscape of Gilgit-Baltistan". PAMIR TIMES. 23 December 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2025.
  3. ↑ "Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa". kp.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 21 May 2025. Retrieved 16 October 2025.
  4. ↑ Ramizpoor (2018). "Afghan People's Dialogue on Peace: Local Road Maps for Peace – Kabul and Surrounding Provinces" (PDF). United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan. p. 152. Retrieved 25 November 2025. Kunar Province: The Nuristani and Gojar ethnic groups are also represented, along with other small tribes including the Gojar (Gujar), Qandari, Chalasai, Youssufzai, Kohistani-wardage, Kochi, and Alokozi. Pashto is spoken by over 90 per cent of the population. Nuristani (Ghazi Abad), Pashaie (Nor Gal) and Gojar are the other languages spoken within the province.
  5. ↑ Subramanian, V.M.; Sundarabalu, S.; Vijayan, N. (2022). "Working Papers on Linguistics and Literature". UGC - CARE Listed Journal. XVI. Department of Linguistics Bharathiar University Coimbatore - 641 046, India: 112. ISSN 2349-8420. The mother tongue of Gujjars is Gojri (Bashir, 2016; Bhat & Khan, 2020) and it is spoken globally by 20 million people.
  6. ↑ Anjum, Rafique (2018). Gojri Linguistics: An Overview. Jammu and Kashmir: Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University Rajouri-JK (India). Gojri is one of the ancient Indian Languages belonging to Central group of the Indo-Aryan Languages, spoken by over 20 million people in Central and nor-west India, northern Pakistan and eastern provinces of Afghanistan.
  7. 1 2 "Gojri language". Tribal Research And Cultural Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2025. According to a current analysis the Gojri language is the first language of 20 million people in South Asia and nearly eight million people in India, majority of them in Jammu and Kashmir.
  8. ↑ Losey, Wayne (1 January 2002). "Writing Gojri: Linguistic and sociolinguistic constraints on a standardized orthography for the Gujars of South Asia". Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session. 46 (1). doi:10.31356/silwp.vol46.03. ISSN 0361-4700.
  9. ↑ Mallam, G. l (1931). Census Of India 1931 Vol.15 (north-west Frontier Province) Pt.1- Report, Pt.2- Tables. p. 180. The languages included under the Central Group are Urdu, Hindi, Hindustani, Gujuri (Gujari) and Punjabi.
  10. ↑ Pushp, P. N.; K., Warikoo. "Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh - Linguistic Predicament". koshur.org (Kashmiri language). Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation: Har-Anand Publications. Retrieved 9 October 2025. The scholars trace the historical roots and affinity of the Gujari language from the Gurjara Apabhramsa of the Sanskrit grammarians.
  11. ↑ MacEachern, Margaret R. (1999). Laryngeal Cooccurrence Restrictions. Psychology Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8153-3267-1.
  12. ↑ Frawley, William J. (1 May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-19-977178-3. Gujari: also called Gujuri, Gujer, Gujar, Gujjari, Gurjar, Gojri, Gogri, Kashmir Gujuri, Rajasthani Gujuri, Gojari.
  13. ↑ Division, Library of Congress Subject Cataloging (1989). Library of Congress Subject Headings: F-O. Cataloging Distribution Service, Library of Congress. p. 1718. ISBN 978-0-8444-0630-5.
  14. ↑ Grimes, Joseph Evans (1992). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Summer Institute of Linguistics. p. 542. ISBN 978-0-88312-815-2.
  15. ↑ Barrett, David; Mann, Michael (1999). The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities. Observatoire Linguistique. p. 465. ISBN 978-0-9532919-0-8.
  16. ↑ R.P. Khatana. "Gujari Language and Identity in Jammu and Kashmir". Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org). Retrieved 31 May 2007.
  17. ↑ Rensch, Calvin Ross (1992). Hindko and Gujari. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 91. The Gujar people are spread from northwestern and central India, across northern Pakistan, and into northeastern Afghanistan. Their language, Gujari, belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Zahoor Ahmad, Bhat; Mahmood Ahmad, Khan (2021). "Exploring the Indigenous Language of Gujjar and Bakerwal Communities". The Journal of Indian Arts History Congress. 26 (2). Department of Education, University of Kashmir. ISSN 0975-7945. SSRN 3915778 – via papers.ssrn.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Badar, Zaman (April 2019). "Gojri Language and Its Linguistic Features". European Academic Research. VII (1). School of Foreign Languages Shanghai University.
  20. ↑
  21. ↑ Behera; Chadha, Behera Navnita (2007). Demystifying Kashmir. Pearson Education India. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-317-0846-0. Gujjars make up the third-largest community in Jammu and Kashmir; they are partly nomadic and mostly Muslims. Their language, Gojri, was the second major language after Kashmiri in the state, though it is not recognized in the state constitution.
  22. 1 2 "2023 PROVINCIAL CENSUS REPORT KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Government of Pakistan. page (27): Kohistani is spoken, by a majority in Kohistan district and north half of Swat district and Gojri, by a minority throughout the northern half of the province. page (45): Apart from Pakhto/Pashto as a major language, Hindko, a Punjabi dialect is spoken mostly in Hazara Division and also in the central old parts of Nowshera, Kohat and Peshawar cities. Saraiki, another Punjabi dialect is present in the southern Districts of Dera Ismail Khan and Tank. Khowar mostly spoken by the people of Chitral District, Punjabi and Gojri minority living in the major cities and all cantonment areas, Kohistani in Kohistan District and North District of Swat and Dari/ Hazaragi/ Farsi/Tajik, varieties of Persian by Afghan refugees.
  23. ↑ "Gojri Language needs to be introduced in educational institutions". Statetimes. 1 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2025.
  24. 1 2 "Gojri language". Tribal Research And Cultural Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2025.
  25. ↑ "Writers in J&K; seek constitutional safeguards for Gojri". Merinews.com. 29 January 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2025.
  26. 1 2 Ahmed, Khawaja Kabir (14 March 2025). "Congratulating the Inclusion of the Gojri Language in the Curriculum and Expressing Hope for the Pahari Language". KiNews HD. Retrieved 16 October 2025.
  27. ↑ "Including Gujari Language As An Elective Subject In The Curriculum Is A Highly Commendable Step: Riaz Kohmrawi - Daily Parliament Times". 17 March 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  28. 1 2 "KP assembly approves inclusion of Gojri language in official Assembly rules". Associated Press Of Pakistan. 27 October 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  29. 1 2 "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly Adds Gojri as Sixth Official Language in Assembly Rules". Daily Qudrat English. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pushp, P. N.; K., Warikoo. "Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh - Linguistic Predicament". koshur.org (Kashmiri language). Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation: Har-Anand Publications. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  31. ↑ Farooq Ahmad, Mir; Azhar, Nasir (2023). "Grammatical Gender In Gojri of Jammu and kashmir". Interdisciplinary Journal of Linguistics. 16 (1). Department Of Linguistic, University of Kashmir: 172–173 – via linguistics.uok.edu.in.
  32. ↑ Isaka, Riho (28 October 2021). Language, Identity, and Power in Modern India: Gujarat, c.1850-1960. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-46859-5.
  33. 1 2 Wayne, Losey (2002). "Writing Gojri: Linguistic and sociolinguistic constraints on a standardized orthography for the Gujars of south Asia". sil.org. p. 10.
  34. 1 2 Khalid, Nabeela; Shafi, Sehrish; Rahim, Ambreen (31 December 2024). "An Analysis of Syllable Patterns in Gojri Monosyllabic Words". Balochistan Journal of Linguistics. 12: 13. ISSN 2312-5454.
  35. ↑ "Inclusion of Gujjari language in census form lauded". Dawn. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2025.
  36. ↑ ڈیسک, ویب (24 March 2025). "کشمیر کی ثقافتی زبان گوجری کو آزاد کشمیر حکومت نے نصاب میں شامل کر لیا". ARY News Urdu (in Urdu). Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  37. ↑ Riffatullah (24 May 2025). "Hindko Academy publishes Gojri language books". The News. Retrieved 16 October 2025.
  38. ↑ Rahi, Javaid. "The Gujjars - Vol: 01 a Book on History and Culture of Gujjar Tribe : Ed Javaid Rahi".
  39. 1 2 3 Frawley, William (May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 Joan L. G, Baart (2001). Bibliography Of Languages Of Northern Pakistan. National Institute Of Pakistan Studies, Pakistan. p. 44. Gujari (Gujuri, Gujuri Rajasthani, Gujer, Gojri, Gogri, Kashmir Gujuri, Gojari, Gujjari) Dialects: WESTERN GUJARI, EASTERN GUJARI. 64% to 94% lexical similarity among dialects. Eastern Gujari appears closer to Northern Hindko or Pahari-Potwari. Western Gujari speakers appear to understand the Eastern dialect better than vice versa.
  41. ↑ Wayne, Losey (2002). "Writing Gojri: Linguistic and sociolinguistic constraints on a standardized orthography for the Gujars of south Asia". sil.org. This study presents descriptions of the phonology and morphology of the two major dialects of Gojri spoken in Pakistan, and compares the analysis of these dialects with the analysis of the Gojri spoken in Punch District of Indian-administered Kashmir (Sharma 1979, 1982).
  42. ↑ "Western Gujari". glottolog.org. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Losey, Wayne (2002). Writing Gojri: Linguistic and sociolinguistic constraints on a standardized orthography for the Gujars of south Asia (PDF). pp. 2 & 3.
  44. ↑ "Eastern Gujari". glottolog.org. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
  45. ↑ "Bakarwali". glottolog.org. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
  46. ↑ Sharma, Jagdish Chander (1982). Gojri Grammar. Central Institute of Indian Languages. p. 6. And because of contacts with various languages in different regions all Gujars in Jammu and Kashmir may not be speaking the same variety of Gojri rather there are regional variations within the Gojri of Jammu and Kashmir. Banihari boli the language of (Dodhi Gujars) has more influence of Dogri and Gojri spoken in Kashmir villages must have the influence of Kashmiri.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rensch, Calvin Ross (1992). Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Hindko and Gujari. Vol. 03. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 105.
  48. 1 2 3 4 Patil, A. M. (2018). "Socio-cultural Aspects of Dode Gurjar Community: Chapter (6)" (PDF). Journal of Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University. Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University.
  49. ↑ Rahi, Javaid. The Gujjars. Gojri Language Number. Vol. 3. Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture, and Languages. p. 580.
  50. ↑ Sharma, J. C. (April 2002). "Gojri and Its Relationship with Rajasthani, Etc". Language in India. 2 (2). Retrieved 4 March 2025.
  51. ↑ Bhāratīya Vidyā. Vol. 7–8. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 1946. p. 7.
  52. ↑ Farooq Ahmad, Mir; Azhar, Nasir (2023). "Grammatical Gender in Gojri of Jammu and Kashmir". Interdisciplinary Journal of Linguistics. 16 (1). Department of Linguistic, University of Kashmir: 172–173 – via linguistics.uok.edu.in. George Abraham Grierson classified Gojri as an Indo-Aryan language and grouped it under Rajasthani group of languages with a resemblance to Mewari dialect (see, (Rahi, 2012; Sharma, 1979). However, Ethnologue records the language as unclassified after Marwari group of Indo-Aryan decedents with three dialectal variations, viz., Dhed Gujari, Eastern Gujari, and western Gujari. It is worth mentioning that Dhed Gujari is an alternate name given to a lesser-known indigenous language called Khandesi which is orally used in North-West parts of Maharashtra, and in South-eastern parts of Gujrat.
  53. ↑ "Gojri (Gujari)". Ministry of Education, Government of India.
  54. ↑ Numbers as Political Allies The Census in Jammu and Kashmir By Vikas Kumar · 2024 p.183
  55. ↑ C-16 Population by Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  56. ↑ Kumar, Vikas (4 January 2024). Numbers as Political Allies: The Census in Jammu and Kashmir. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-009-31722-1.
  57. 1 2 3 "Kashmir History and Politics". ikashmir.net. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
  58. ↑ Magray, Mohammed Bashir (2003). "Tribal geography of India - Jammu and Kashmir". OBEROI BOOK SERVICE Jammu. p. 58.
  59. 1 2 3 4 Kumar, Vikas (4 January 2024). Numbers as Political Allies: The Census in Jammu and Kashmir. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-009-31722-1.
  60. ↑ "C-16: Population by mother tongue, Maharashtra - 2011 - Census". Census of India, Government of India.
  61. 1 2 3 Jagdish Chander Sharma. Gojri Grammar. p. 2. According to the 1961 census, the languages given as Gujjari and Gujari which are spoken by the Gujjar nomads in Himachal Pradesh (Gujjari 4927), Uttar Pradesh (Gujari 1448) and Madhya Pradesh (Gujari 453) may be the same as Gojri or as dialects of Gojri.
  62. ↑ "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Himachal Pradesh". Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019.
  63. ↑ "India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Punjab - 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  64. ↑ "India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Madhya Pradesh - 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  65. ↑ "India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Uttarakhand - 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  66. ↑ "India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Gujarat - 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  67. ↑ "India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Uttar Pradesh - 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  68. ↑ "India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Rajasthan - 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  69. ↑ "India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Haryana - 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  70. ↑ India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Chhattisgarh - 2011
  71. ↑ Baart, Jaan L.G.; Baart-Bremer, Esther L. (2001). Bibliography Of Languages Of Northern Pakistan. National Institute Of Pakistan Studies, Pakistan. p. 44.
  72. ↑ ""With Friends Like These...": Human Rights Violations in Azad Kashmir: II. Background". hrw.org. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
  73. ↑ Ahmed, Farooq (June 2020). "INFLUENCE OF GUJARI ON LEARNING OF ENGLISH LEXEMES: THE SEMANTIC AND CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVE". Pakistan Journal of Social Research. 4 (2). Islamabad University: 584. ISSN 2710-3129. More than 800,000 people in Azad Jammu and Kashmir speak Gujari, another language of the region. It is nearly identical to Rajasthani, specifically Mewati. Gujari and Punjabi share several traits. Additionally, it is spoken in the Hazara region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and certain northern Gilgit regions.
  74. ↑ Government, of Azad Kashmir. Statistical Year Book 2020 (PDF). Muzaffarabad: AJ&K Bureau Of Statistics. p. 140. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  75. 1 2 Joan L. G., Baart; Baart-Bremer, Esther L. (2001). Bibliography of languages of northern Pakistan. Vol. NIPS - SIL Working Paper Series. Pakistan: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. p. 44.
  76. ↑ Torwali, Zubair (21 February 2025). "What is 'Kohistani'?". The News International. Retrieved 23 January 2026.
  77. ↑ Project, Joshua. "South Asia Peoples". Southasia Peoples. Retrieved 15 April 2026.
  78. ↑ Amin, Muhammad; Aziz, Muhammad Abdul; Manduzai, Ajmal Khan; Pieroni, Andrea; Alkahtani, Jawaher; AbdelGawwad, Mohamed Ragab; Gafforov, Yusufjon; Nazeer, Abdul; Abbasi, Arshad Mehmood (July 2024). "Standard medical ethnobotany of Kohistan, North Pakistan". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 20 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00704-w. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 11232275. PMID 38978072. The nomadic Gujjars live in the most remote area of each valley on both sides of Kohistan (region). It has been reported that Gujjars came to this region from Mongolia at the time of Mongol incursion on India in the fifteen cen-tury [10]. These tribes speak Gujjari, which accounts for 10.5% compared to other Kohistani and Shina lan-guages [7, 8].
  79. ↑ "Battagaram District". Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Battagram District: 80% population speak Pashto,18% Gujri. 2% population speak Hindko and Kohistani.
  80. ↑ "Afghanistan". dbs.org. Bible Society. Retrieved 11 October 2025. Language: Gujari = 18,580
  81. ↑ Gujari at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
  82. 1 2 3 4 Thirumalai, M. S. (2 April 2002). "GOJRI AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH RAJASTHANI, ETC". languageinindia.com. Retrieved 10 October 2025.
  83. ↑ "Give more airtime to Gojri programmes, urge Gujjars".
  84. ↑ Meyerle, Gerald; Katt, Megan; Gavrilis, Jim (2012). On the Ground in Afghanistan: Counterinsurgency in Practice. Government Printing Office. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-16-090258-1.
  85. ↑ "Language in India". Language in India. Retrieved 18 October 2025.
  86. ↑ "Language of North Pakistan". IBT North Pakistan. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2025.
  87. 1 2 Life-style and Ecology by Baidyanath Saraswati (1998) Indira Gandhi Centre for the Arts [and] D.K. Printworld. p.31
  88. ↑ "Gojri: The language that's spoken but rarely read". Hindustan Times. 21 July 2018.
  89. ↑ "Call for including Gujri language in school syllabus". Dawn. 25 December 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2025.
  90. ↑ "Institute of Languages established at AJK University". Retrieved 20 June 2025.
  91. ↑ "Life Story: Javaid Rahi, cultural activist, writer – The Dispatch". The Dispatch. 1 April 2021. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  92. ↑ Excelsior, Daily (18 October 2020). "Of a Gujjar Scholar and Social activist". Daily Excelsior.
  93. ↑ "Gojri Books of Javaid Rahi published by Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages". viaf.org.
  94. ↑ "Why I Gurjar Desh Charitable Trust Jammu -Gojri Books by Dr Javaid Rahi". viaf.org.
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