Glottis

Glottis
Glottis
Identifiers
MeSH	D005931
TA98	A06.2.09.012
TA2	3197
FMA	55414
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

In humans the glottis (pl.: glottises or glottides) is the middle region of the larynx, where the vocal cords are located.^[1] Within this region is the opening between the vocal cords^[2] (the rima glottidis).^[3] The glottis is crucial in producing sound from the vocal cords.^[4] In the bichir, an early lunged fish, the glottis is a slit shaped opening into the oesophagus.^[5] In many reptiles air can be passed across a partially closed glottis to produce a hissing sound.^[6]^[7] In snakes the glottis is found behind the tongue but can be extended out the side of the mouth while eating large prey.^[8]

Etymology

From Ancient Greek γλωττίς (glōttís), derived from γλῶττα (glôtta), variant of γλῶσσα (glôssa, "tongue").^[9]

Function in humans

Phonation

As the vocal cords vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a "buzzing" quality to the speech, called voice or voicing or pronunciation.

Sound production that involves moving the vocal cords close together is called glottal.^[10] English has a voiceless glottal transition spelled "h". This sound is produced by keeping the vocal cords spread somewhat, resulting in non-turbulent airflow through the glottis.^[10] In many accents of English the glottal stop (made by pressing the cords together) is used as a variant allophone of the phoneme /t/ (and in some dialects, occasionally of /k/ and /p/); in some languages, this sound is a phoneme of its own.

Skilled players of the Australian didgeridoo restrict their glottal opening in order to produce the full range of timbres available on the instrument.^[11]

The vibration produced is an essential component of voiced consonants as well as vowels. If the vocal cords are drawn apart, air flows between them causing no vibration, as in the production of voiceless consonants.^[12]

The glottis is also important in the Valsalva maneuver.

Voiced consonants include /v/, /z/, /ʒ/, /d͡ʒ/, /ð/, /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /w/.
Voiceless consonants include /f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/, /θ/, /p/, /t/, /k/, /ʍ/, and /h/.

References

↑ NCI dictionary. "Definition of glottis".
↑ Ladefoged, Peter. 2006. A course in Phonetics. UCLA.
↑ WebMD (2009). "glottis". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6.
↑ Saladin K (2015). Anatomy & Physiology (7th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 854. ISBN 978-0-07-340371-7.
↑ Zaccone, Giacomo; Mauceri, Angela; Maisano, Maria; Fasulo, Salvatore (May 2009). "Innervation of lung and heart in the ray-finned fish, bichirs". Acta Histochemica. Nervous regulation of internal organs in fishes. 111 (3): 217–229. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2008.11.013. PMID 19121535.
↑ Russell, Anthony P.; Bauer, Aaron M. (2020). "Vocalization by extant nonavian reptiles: A synthetic overview of phonation and the vocal apparatus". The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 304 (7): 1478–1528. doi:10.1002/ar.24553. PMID 33099849. S2CID 225069598.
↑ Capshaw, Grace; Willis, Katie L.; Han, Dawei; Bierman, Hilary S. (2020). "Reptile sound production and perception". In Rosenfeld, Cheryl S.; Hoffmann, Frauke (eds.). Neuroendocrine Regulation of Animal Vocalization. Academic Press. pp. 101–118. ISBN 978-0-12-815160-0.
↑ Mitchell, MA (18–22 January 2003). "Reptile Pneumatology". Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Small Animal and Exotics: 1211–1212.
↑ wikt:glottis
1 2 Hayes, Bruce (2009). Introductory Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8411-3.
↑ Tarnopolsky, Alex; Fletcher, Neville; Hollenberg, Lloyd; Lange, Benjamin; Smith, John; Wolfe, Joe (2005). "Acoustics: The vocal tract and the sound of a didgeridoo" (PDF). Nature. 436 (7047): 39. Bibcode:2005Natur.436...39T. doi:10.1038/43639a. hdl:1885/125584. PMID 16001056. S2CID 4395889.
↑ De'Ath, Leslie (2016). "Linguistics and Lyric Diction - A Personal Retrospective and a Selective Glossary". Journal of Singing. 72 (4): 465–474. ProQuest 1774332500.

External links

States of the Glottis (Esling & Harris, University of Victoria)
Universität Stuttgart Speech production
De Menezes Lyra, Roberto (1999). "Glottis Simulator". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 88 (6): 1422–3. doi:10.1213/00000539-199906000-00044. PMID 10357358.

[1] NCI dictionary. "Definition of glottis".

[2] Ladefoged, Peter. 2006. A course in Phonetics. UCLA.

[3] WebMD (2009). "glottis". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6.

[4] Saladin K (2015). Anatomy & Physiology (7th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 854. ISBN 978-0-07-340371-7.

[5] Zaccone, Giacomo; Mauceri, Angela; Maisano, Maria; Fasulo, Salvatore (May 2009). "Innervation of lung and heart in the ray-finned fish, bichirs". Acta Histochemica. Nervous regulation of internal organs in fishes. 111 (3): 217–229. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2008.11.013. PMID 19121535.

[6] Russell, Anthony P.; Bauer, Aaron M. (2020). "Vocalization by extant nonavian reptiles: A synthetic overview of phonation and the vocal apparatus". The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 304 (7): 1478–1528. doi:10.1002/ar.24553. PMID 33099849. S2CID 225069598.

[7] Capshaw, Grace; Willis, Katie L.; Han, Dawei; Bierman, Hilary S. (2020). "Reptile sound production and perception". In Rosenfeld, Cheryl S.; Hoffmann, Frauke (eds.). Neuroendocrine Regulation of Animal Vocalization. Academic Press. pp. 101–118. ISBN 978-0-12-815160-0.

[8] Mitchell, MA (18–22 January 2003). "Reptile Pneumatology". Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Small Animal and Exotics: 1211–1212.

[9] wikt:glottis

[:0-10] 1 2 Hayes, Bruce (2009). Introductory Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8411-3.

[11] Tarnopolsky, Alex; Fletcher, Neville; Hollenberg, Lloyd; Lange, Benjamin; Smith, John; Wolfe, Joe (2005). "Acoustics: The vocal tract and the sound of a didgeridoo" (PDF). Nature. 436 (7047): 39. Bibcode:2005Natur.436...39T. doi:10.1038/43639a. hdl:1885/125584. PMID 16001056. S2CID 4395889.

[12] De'Ath, Leslie (2016). "Linguistics and Lyric Diction - A Personal Retrospective and a Selective Glossary". Journal of Singing. 72 (4): 465–474. ProQuest 1774332500.

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