Wikipedia

Draft:Microplastics in soil

Overview

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Microplastics are small particles of plastic (smaller than 5mm). Microplastics occur in terrestrial soils as well as aquatic environments.

the term Microplastics in soil refers to the presence of and behaviour of tersitals systems.

soil can become contaminated by a few diferent processes such as degreadtion of larger plastic waste, arigcukte plastic film/mulches, sweage, irrigation, atmosphere deposition and litter.

Soils act as both a sink and pathway for substances in tersstial systems and such is the case with microplastics. once deposited particles may accumate, fragment futher, more through the soils or be transpoered elseare.

Microplastics can alter physical, chemical and biological properties of soils and can interacti with organism who are interacting in the soil.

Agriculutral soils receive particular attention in micro plastics as plastsicas are used in agriculute and amendent such as sewage sludge can introduce microplastics. that amkes agricultural soil a major research area within terristeriak microplastic pollution and other pollution studies.

Research on microplastics in agricultural soils also considers their potential implications for human health.

Within reserach and litterature on the topic there is an inbalance in geograpic studies.

Occurrence and sources

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Microplastics have been detected in agriclutrals soils, urban soilsm industrial soils and other terresital enviroments. Agriculutral soils are especially studied due to the signifcance to any affects on food grown in affecetd soils.

concetraions of microplastics can vary substantially between locations and studies, depending on land use, pollution source, sampleing depth, soil type, topography, ground water flow and other factors. One review reported that abundance of microplastics differs signifcantly in china ranging from 4.94 to 40,8000 particles/kg. [need ciation] [need another example]

Microplastics arent just found at the surface of soils, they can be found at differnt soil depths.

primary and secondary microplastics are also able to be found in the soil, with primary plasitcsl being manefcatures as particles of a microscoptic szie where as the secondary microplastics are created by fragmentation, weather or larger plastical particles. in soil degration of plastic items are a signficate source of micro plastics.

mulching films, equipment and other olastic material can weather and or/ fragment leading to the occurence of plastic particles in fields. Plasic mulch has specific documenation as a source of soil microplastics.

watse water treatment captures many microplastics in sweage sludge. when procesed sewage is applied to farmland those microplastics can enter and accumalte in the soil. Irrigation with contaminated surface water, reclaimed waste water or wastewater-dervied sources can also introduce microplatics into soil. [ need ciation]

Fertilisers, compost and other such matierals can incroduce microplastics to soils when used on farmland.

Airbone microplastics (such as fibres and fragments) can settle ontop of soil resulting in areas without direct plastical applicaton recevieing microplastic depsotions.

Organic wase streams can contain microplastics and larger plastic fragments, especially where contamination of feedstock occurs. [Need ciatation]

One review in china identifed that abandoed greenhouse matierls (such as tubing and coverings) and contaminted organice fertilisers can contribute to micropalstics in soils.

discardged plastic items/ matierls gradulaly breakdown through a mix of processes such as mechanial decompostion, uv exporuse, thermal fluciations, abrasion and biological processes.

Microplastics can be trasnported into soils from other sources by runoff water, flooding, wind and erosion causing transfers of microplastic particels from roads, urban areas, waste sites of neighbouring affected sites.

Microplastics dont occur as a monolith particle or polymer type. microplastics in soil may occur as fibres, fragments, films, foams and particles with the microplastics found in soil varying signifcantly across those varibles. some comomn Polymers are polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) are commonly reported in agricultral soils, which may be due to their use in agricultural plastics. [need source]

Fate and transport

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persistence and transformation:
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retention and accumulation:

fragmentatiion and weathering

formation of nano particles

chemical ageing

root interactions

long-term persistence

movement within the soil
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verticale movement through the soil

brioturbation

water drive trasnport

factors controlling transport
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interatcion with soil particles

influcnce of soil proptiers

movement out of the soil
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transfer from terrestrial to aquatic systems

wind transport

Chemical propteries and interactions

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Effects on soil properties and organisms

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Agricultural and Environmental implications

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Detection and Measurement

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Mitigation

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geographic variance

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[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] [32][33]][https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004896972305266X] [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969724007010][https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389426021552][https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720361829][[https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/em/d5em00304k https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/em/d5em00304k?]][https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972306299X][https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969725003547][https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972407325X][https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929139326001587][https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653526000020][https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135423015117][[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969725028980 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969725028980?] [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]

Reference

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  1. ↑ En-Nejmy, Khaoula; El Hayany, Bouchra; Al-Alawi, Mutaz; Jemo, Martin; Hafidi, Mohamed; El Fels, Loubna (2024-12). "Microplastics in soil: A comprehensive review of occurrence, sources, fate, analytical techniques and potential impacts". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 288: 117332. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117332. ISSN 1090-2414. PMID 39616787. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  2. ↑ Yang, Ling; Zhang, Yulan; Kang, Shichang; Wang, Zhaoqing; Wu, Chenxi (2021-08-01). "Microplastics in soil: A review on methods, occurrence, sources, and potential risk". The Science of the Total Environment. 780: 146546. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146546. ISSN 1879-1026. PMID 33770602.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  3. ↑ Hoang, Van-Hiep; Nguyen, Minh-Ky; Hoang, Tuan-Dung; Ha, Minh Cuong; Huyen, Nguyen Thi Thanh; Bui, Vu Khac Hoang; Pham, Minh-Thuan; Nguyen, Cong-Manh; Chang, S. Woong; Nguyen, D. Duc (2024-11-10). "Sources, environmental fate, and impacts of microplastic contamination in agricultural soils: A comprehensive review". The Science of the Total Environment. 950: 175276. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175276. ISSN 1879-1026. PMID 39102948.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  4. ↑ Mohasin, Mohd; Habib, Khalid; Rao, P. Smriti; Ahmad, Mahtab; Siddiqui, Saba (2025-05-27). "Microplastics in agricultural soils: sources, impacts, and mitigation strategies". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 197 (6): 684. doi:10.1007/s10661-025-14114-2. ISSN 1573-2959. PMID 40423852.
  5. ↑ Kundu, Manik Chandra (2026-07-12). "Microplastics in agricultural soils, their sources, environmental impacts, ecological risks, and mitigation strategies". Discover Environment. 4 (1): 347. doi:10.1007/s44274-026-00871-5. ISSN 2731-9431.
  6. ↑ de Souza Machado, Anderson Abel; Kloas, Werner; Zarfl, Christiane; Hempel, Stefan; Rillig, Matthias C. (2018-04). "Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems". Global Change Biology. 24 (4): 1405–1416. doi:10.1111/gcb.14020. ISSN 1365-2486. PMC 5834940. PMID 29245177. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ↑ de Souza Machado, Anderson Abel; Lau, Chung W.; Kloas, Werner; Bergmann, Joana; Bachelier, Julien B.; Faltin, Erik; Becker, Roland; Görlich, Anna S.; Rillig, Matthias C. (2019-05-21). "Microplastics Can Change Soil Properties and Affect Plant Performance". Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (10): 6044–6052. doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b01339. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 31021077.
  8. ↑ Corradini, Fabio; Meza, Pablo; Eguiluz, Raúl; Casado, Francisco; Huerta-Lwanga, Esperanza; Geissen, Violette (2019-06-25). "Evidence of microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils from sewage sludge disposal". The Science of the Total Environment. 671: 411–420. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.368. ISSN 1879-1026. PMID 30933797.
  9. ↑ Yang, Jie; Li, Lianzhen; Li, Ruijie; Xu, Li; Shen, Yichen; Li, Simin; Tu, Chen; Wu, Longhua; Christie, Peter; Luo, Yongming (2021-11-15). "Microplastics in an agricultural soil following repeated application of three types of sewage sludge: A field study". Environmental Pollution. 289: 117943. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117943. ISSN 1873-6424. PMID 34426179.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  10. ↑ Koyuncuoğlu, Pelin; Erden, Gülbin (2021-03-10). "Sampling, pre-treatment, and identification methods of microplastics in sewage sludge and their effects in agricultural soils: a review". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 193 (4): 175. doi:10.1007/s10661-021-08943-0. ISSN 1573-2959. PMID 33751247.
  11. ↑ Gao, Ding; Li, Xin-Yu; Liu, Hong-Tao (2020-11-10). "Source, occurrence, migration and potential environmental risk of microplastics in sewage sludge and during sludge amendment to soil". The Science of the Total Environment. 742: 140355. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140355. ISSN 1879-1026. PMID 32721713.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  12. ↑ Tang, Kuok Ho Daniel (2023-04-01). "Microplastics in agricultural soils in China: Sources, impacts and solutions". Environmental Pollution. 322: 121235. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121235. ISSN 1873-6424. PMID 36754198.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  13. ↑ Seo, Yoonjung; Chevali, Venkata; Lai, Yunru; Zhou, Zhezhe; Chen, Guangnan; Burey, Paulomi; Wang, Shaobin; Song, Pingan (2025-03). "Microplastics in soils: A comparative review on extraction, identification and quantification methods". Journal of Environmental Management. 377: 124556. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124556. ISSN 1095-8630. PMID 39987865. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  14. ↑ Tian, Lili; Cheng, Jinjin; Ji, Rong; Ma, Yini; Yu, Xiangyang (2022). "Microplastics in agricultural soils: sources, effects, and their fate". Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health. 25 100311. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.coesh.2021.100311. ISSN 2468-5844.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  15. ↑ Wu, Jian-yong; Gao, Jun-min; Pei, Yi-zhi; Luo, Kong-yan; Yang, Wen-hao; Wu, Jing-cheng; Yue, Xu-hui; Wen, Jiong; Luo, Yi (2024-06-01). "Microplastics in agricultural soils: A comprehensive perspective on occurrence, environmental behaviors and effects". Chemical Engineering Journal. 489 151328. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.151328. Retrieved 2026-08-20.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  16. ↑ Kang, Qilin; Zhang, Kun; Dekker, Stefan C.; Mao, Jiefei (2025-01-15). "Microplastics in soils: A comprehensive review". Science of the Total Environment. 960 178298. Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.178298. ISSN 0048-9697. Retrieved 2026-08-20. {{cite journal}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  17. ↑ Huang, Yi; Liu, Qin; Jia, Weiqian; Yan, Changrong; Wang, Jie (2020-05). "Agricultural plastic mulching as a source of microplastics in the terrestrial environment". Environmental Pollution. 260 114096. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114096. PMID 32041035. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  18. ↑ Khan, Muhammad Amjad; Huang, Qing; Khan, Sardar; Wang, Qingqing; Huang, Jingjing; Fahad, Shah; Sajjad, Muhammad; Liu, Yin; Mašek, Ondřej; Li, Xiaohui; Wang, Junfeng; Song, Xiaomao (2026-02-13). "Abundance, spatial distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in agricultural soils and their relationship with contributing factors". Journal of Environmental Management. 328 117006. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117006. PMID 36521215. Retrieved 2026-08-20.
  19. ↑ Long, Bibo; Li, Fayong; Wang, Ke; Huang, Yaozhu; Yang, Youjun; Xie, Dong (27-05-2023). "Impact of plastic film mulching on microplastic in farmland soils in Guangdong province, China". Heliyon. 9 (6) e16587. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16587. PMC 10245015. PMID 37292288. Retrieved 20-08-2026. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  20. ↑ Xu, Zhimin; Deng, Xingying; Lin, Zheng; Wang, Lei; Lin, Lihong; Wu, Xinyue; Wang, Yifan; Li, Huankai; Shen, Jianlin; Sun, Weimin (01-01-2025). "Microplastics in agricultural soil: Unveiling their role in shaping soil properties and driving greenhouse gas emissions". Science of the Total Environment. 958 177875. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177875. PMID 39644637. Retrieved 20-08-2026. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  21. ↑ Vasić, Vesna; Srećkov, Zorana; Mrkonjić, Zorica; Bojović, Mirjana; Nikolić, Olivera; Radić, Danka (2025-10-11). "Microplastics in agroecosystems: A barrier to soil health and crop productivity". Italian Journal of Agronomy. 20 (4) 100057. Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Società Italiana di Agronomia. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Invalid |url-access=OPEN (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  22. ↑ Athulya, Pazhamthavalathil Anil; Waychal, Yojana; Rodriguez-Seijo, Andres; Devalla, Sandhya; Doss, C. George Priya; Chandrasekaran, Natarajan (2024-02-17). "Microplastic interactions in the agroecosystems: methodological advances and limitations in quantifying microplastics from agricultural soil". Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 46 (3): 85. doi:10.1007/s10653-023-01800-8. ISSN 1573-2983. PMID 38367078.
  23. ↑ de Souza Machado, Anderson Abel; Kloas, Werner; Zarfl, Christiane; Hempel, Stefan; Rillig, Matthias C. (2018-04). "Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems". Global Change Biology. 24 (4): 1405–1416. doi:10.1111/gcb.14020. ISSN 1365-2486. PMC 5834940. PMID 29245177. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ↑ de Souza Machado, Anderson Abel; Lau, Chung W.; Kloas, Werner; Bergmann, Joana; Bachelier, Julien B.; Faltin, Erik; Becker, Roland; Görlich, Anna S.; Rillig, Matthias C. (2019-05-21). "Microplastics Can Change Soil Properties and Affect Plant Performance". Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (10): 6044–6052. doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b01339. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 31021077.
  25. ↑ Corradini, Fabio; Meza, Pablo; Eguiluz, Raúl; Casado, Francisco; Huerta-Lwanga, Esperanza; Geissen, Violette (2019-06-25). "Evidence of microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils from sewage sludge disposal". The Science of the Total Environment. 671: 411–420. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.368. ISSN 1879-1026. PMID 30933797.
  26. ↑ Sajjad, Muhammad; Huang, Qing; Khan, Sardar; Khan, Muhammad Amjad; Liu, Yin; Wang, Junfeng; Lian, Faqin; Wang, Qingqing; Guo, Genmao (2022-08-01). "Microplastics in the soil environment: A critical review". Environmental Technology & Innovation. 27: 102408. doi:10.1016/j.eti.2022.102408. ISSN 2352-1864.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  27. ↑ Zhao, Zeyu; Zhao, Keyue; Zhang, Taishuo; Xu, Yiwen; Chen, Ronglong; Xue, Sha; Liu, Mengjuan; Tang, Darrell; Yang, Xiaomei; Giessen, Violette (2022-12-01). "Irrigation-facilitated low-density polyethylene microplastic vertical transport along soil profile: An empirical model developed by column experiment". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 247: 114232. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114232. ISSN 1090-2414. PMID 36308877.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  28. ↑ Yu, Hui; Zhang, Weiqing; Li, Jiajia; Yang, Jianqiang; Yang, Xinmin; Hai, Chunxing; Wang, Yong; Yang, Yuesuo (2025-09-15). "Vertical distribution and multi-source pathways of microplastics in agricultural soils: A study of typical irrigation areas in the upper Yellow River basin". Environmental Pollution. 381: 126479. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126479. ISSN 1873-6424. PMID 40412640.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  29. ↑ Cusworth, Samuel J.; Davies, William J.; McAinsh, Martin R.; Stevens, Carly J. (2024). "A nationwide assessment of microplastic abundance in agricultural soils: The influence of plastic crop covers within the United Kingdom". PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET. 6 (2): 304–314. doi:10.1002/ppp3.10430. ISSN 2572-2611.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  30. ↑ Ramage, Stuart J. F. F.; Coull, Malcolm; Cooper, Patricia; Campbell, Colin D.; Prabhu, Radhakrishna; Yates, Kyari; Dawson, Lorna A.; Devalla, Sandhya; Pagaling, Eulyn (2025-05). "Microplastics in agricultural soils following sewage sludge applications: Evidence from a 25-year study". Chemosphere. 376: 144277. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144277. ISSN 1879-1298. PMID 40064053. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  31. ↑ Radford, Freya; Horton, Alice; Hudson, Malcolm; Shaw, Peter; Williams, Ian (2023-01-19). "Agricultural soils and microplastics: Are biosolids the problem?". Frontiers in Soil Science. 2. doi:10.3389/fsoil.2022.941837. ISSN 2673-8619.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  32. ↑ "Export pathways of biosolid derived microplastics in soil systems – Findings from a temperate maritime climate". Science of The Total Environment. 888. 2023-08-25. doi:10.1016/j.. ISSN 0048-9697. Archived from the original on 2024-03-11. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  33. ↑ Mahon, A. M.; O’Connell, B.; Healy, M. G.; O’Connor, I.; Officer, R.; Nash, R.; Morrison, L. (2017-01-17). "Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: Effects of Treatment". Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (2): 810–818. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b04048. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 27936648.
  34. ↑ Weber, Collin J.; Bastijans, Jan-Eric; Lügger, Katrin; Heller, Christian (2024-02-01). "Microplastic in long-term soil monitoring: first spatial and temporal data on plastics in agricultural topsoils". Journal of Soils and Sediments. 24 (2): 692–706. doi:10.1007/s11368-023-03663-z. ISSN 1614-7480.
  35. ↑ Lwanga, Esperanza Huerta; van Roshum, Ilse; Munhoz, Davi R.; Meng, Ke; Rezaei, Mahrooz; Goossens, Dirk; Bijsterbosch, Judith; Alexandre, Nuno; Oosterwijk, Julia; Krol, Maarten; Peters, Piet; Geissen, Violette; Ritsema, Coen (2023-01-01). "Microplastic appraisal of soil, water, ditch sediment and airborne dust: The case of agricultural systems". Environmental Pollution. 316 (Pt 1): 120513. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120513. ISSN 1873-6424. PMID 36374801.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  36. ↑ Mazzon, M.; Edo, C.; Guerrini, S.; Gioacchini, P.; Cupi, J.; Malena, P.; Rosal, R.; Marzadori, C. (2026-01-15). "Long-term biodegradable mulch films application in agricultural fields: effects on soil functionality and microplastic generation". Journal of Environmental Management. 398: 128594. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.128594. ISSN 1095-8630. PMID 41529652.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  37. ↑ Edet, Uwem Okon; Joseph, Akaninyene Paul; Nwaokorie, Francisca O.; Okoroiwu, Henshaw Uchechi; Udofia, Udeme Uyom; Ibor, Oju R.; Bassey, Ini Ubi; Atim, Asitok David; Edet, Bassey Okon; Bassey, Dokwo Edet; Nkang, Ani (2022-11-05). "Impact of "sachet water" microplastic on agricultural soil physicochemistry, antibiotics resistance, bacteria diversity and function". SN Applied Sciences. 4 (12): 323. doi:10.1007/s42452-022-05206-6. ISSN 2523-3971.
  38. ↑ Bello, Fatimo Ajoke; Folorunsho, Abidemi Bashiru; Chia, Rogers Wainkwa; Lee, Jin-Yong; Fasusi, Samuel Aanuoluwapo (2025-03-21). "Microplastics in agricultural soils: sources, impacts on soil organisms, plants, and humans". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 197 (4): 448. doi:10.1007/s10661-025-13874-1. ISSN 1573-2959. PMID 40116958.
  39. ↑ Emole, Precious Onyinyechi; Ukaogo, Prince Onyedinma; Nnorom, Innocent Chidi; Onuchukwu, Solomon Chiemela (2026-06-09). "Microplastic pollution in Nigeria: a review on environmental pathways, ecosystems, and human health implications". Discover Chemistry. 3 (1): 316. doi:10.1007/s44371-026-00719-0. ISSN 3005-1193.
  40. ↑ Crossman, Jill; Hurley, Rachel R.; Futter, Martyn; Nizzetto, Luca (2020-07-01). "Transfer and transport of microplastics from biosolids to agricultural soils and the wider environment". The Science of the Total Environment. 724: 138334. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138334. ISSN 1879-1026. PMID 32408466.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  41. ↑ Walker, Harriet; Aherne, Julian (2024). "Microplastic fate in a chronosequence of biosolid-amended agricultural soil in Southern Ontario, Canada". European Journal of Soil Science. 75 (5): e13592. doi:10.1111/ejss.13592. ISSN 1365-2389.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  42. ↑ Faraji, Elham; Cabedo-Sanz, Patricia; Sarmah, Ajit K. (2025-12). "A practical method for mass quantification of microplastics in soil media using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry". MethodsX. 15: 103711. doi:10.1016/j.mex.2025.103711. ISSN 2215-0161. PMC 12664816. PMID 41328192. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  43. ↑ Ruffell, Helena; Pantos, Olga; Robinson, Brett; Gaw, Sally (2025-01-14). "Quantification of microplastics in biowastes including biosolids, compost, and vermicompost destined for land application". Emerging Contaminants and Environmental Health. 4 (1): N/A–N/A. doi:10.20517/wecn.2024.65. ISSN 2831-2597.
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