Awlad Muhammad (or Ouled Muhammed) was a tribe that ruled over the Fezzan region from 1550 to 1812.[1][2] At their height, their domain extended from Sokna in the north to Murzuq in the south.[3] and the south, in Niger and Chad modern day territories[4]
The Muhammad al-Wad dynasty was a ruling family that governed the Fezzan region, located in present-day southwestern Libya, from the late 15th century until the early 19th century. Emerging amid the decline of previous tribal confederations, the dynasty established control over key oases and trade routes that connected sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean Sea.
In 1574 the Ottoman Tripolitania under Mahmut bey invaded and occupied Fezzan, the Oasis and a significant part of the Southern Sahara (present day niger and Chad)[5][6] and not year 1577, Most African historians used the year 1577 as the year, as it was then Idris Alooma sent his diplomatic delegation to the Ottomans. Muhammad Bey, also exerted great effort in transferring the Ottoman system to Central Africa. He descended from Murzuq (Libya) with 500 soldiers southward a distance of 1950 km² from the Mediterranean Sea in a straight line and reached the northern and southern part of Lake chad.[7][8] The greater part of the Sahara forms significant portions of present-day Niger, all of which were annexed to the Fezzan district (later the vassal). King Idris Aluma, ruler of the Kanem-Bornu Sultanate, sent three ambassadors to Istanbul in 1577 and offered his allegiance. Firearms were sent from Tripoli by order of the Ottoman court, and the sultanate came under Ottoman rule[9][10] Fezzan had been vassailized since 1574,[11] but only in the 1580s did the rulers of Fezzan give their allegiance to the sultan, but the Turks refrained from trying to exercise any influence there.[12]
in 1583 and 1585 Ottoman garrisons were slaughtered by the local rebels. Probably with the help of The Bornu sultanate. Which would place the Alwads back in power. Where they'd be controlled by Bornu and Tripoli.[13][14] But still under the Ottoman Control[15][16]The Ulads would continue depending on Bornu for military aid and resisting the Ottomans until a compromise was reached around 1626, when Turkish forces which usually maintained a garrison there. were withdrawn, and the hereditary authority of the Ulads was recognized as the ruler of The Muhammad alwad Dynasty, under Ottoman influence.[17][18]
it was incorporated fully from times to time like in 1623–1626 1679-1682, 1690, 1716, 1718 and 1811/1812.[19][1][2][20]
However, there's an alternate view suggesting nominal control was only established around 1842.[21]
See also
editReferences
edit- 1 2 Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The servile estate. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-3201-8.
- 1 2 الآن, تركيا (2021-02-24). "ذبحوا الأبناء الرضع لزعيم القبيلة: عن حرب العثمانيين وأولاد امحمد في ليبيا". تركيا الآن (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-01-26.
- ↑ Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1971). A history of the Maghrib. Internet Archive. Cambridge [Eng.] University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07981-5.
- ↑ Willis, John R.; Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78017-3.
- ↑ Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.
- ↑ Dikmetaş, Turan (2005). Osmanlı Sultanları [Ottoman] (in Turkish). İstanbul: Birleşik Basım Pazarlama Ltd. Şti. pp. Page 83–86. ISBN 9786050813012.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ↑ Martin, B. G. (January 1969). "Kanem, Bornu, and the Fazzān: Notes on the political history of a Trade Route". The Journal of African History. 10 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1017/s0021853700009257. ISSN 0021-8537.
- ↑ Dikmetaş, Turan (2005). Osmanlı Sultanları [Ottoman] (in Turkish). İstanbul: Birleşik Basım Pazarlama Ltd. Şti. pp. Page 83–85. ISBN 9786050813012.
- ↑ https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf (
- ↑ Flynn, Sébastien (2016-01-01). "The Relationship Between the Ottoman Empire and Kanem – Bornu During the Reign of Sultan Murad III – A Master's Thesis". Bilkent Master's Thesis.
- ↑ Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.
- ↑ "Libya - HISTORY".
- ↑ PDF “Our delight is for the amir of the English”: a Bornoan history of the First World War (North
- ↑ A struggle for Sahara: Idrīs ibn ‘Alī’s embassy to Aḥmad al-Manṣūr in the context of Borno-Morocco-Ottoman relations, 1577-1583 By Rémi Dewière
- ↑ Title: Fezzan Author: Rachel Simon Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_COM_0007740 Language: English First-online: 01 Oct 2010 ISSN: 1878-9781 Publisher: Brill
- ↑ 31Froment de Champlagarde, Blondy (ed.), Histoire abrégée…, op. cit., p. 45; Bradford Martin, “Ahmad Rasim Pasha and the suppression of the Fazzan slave trade, 1881-1896”, Africa (Roma), 38 (4), 1983, p. 562.
- ↑ THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND KANEM-BORNU DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN MURAD III Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by SÉBASTIEN FLYNN In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2015
- ↑ Libya, Chad, and the Central Sahara, by John Wright, pg 46
- ↑ Trousset, P.; Despois, J.; Gauthier, Y.; Gauthier, Ch; E. B (1997-08-01). "Fezzân". Encyclopédie berbère (in French). 18 (18): 2777–2817. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2083. ISSN 1015-7344.
- ↑ Libyan worldstatesmen
- ↑ "Libyan history".
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