pecar

Asturian

Etymology

From Latin peccāre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /peˈkaɾ/ [peˈkaɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: pe‧car

Verb

pecar (first-person singular indicative present peco, past participle pecáu)

1. to sin

Conjugation

Conjugation of pecar

infinitive		pecar
gerund		pecando
past participle		m pecáu, f pecada, n pecao, m pl pecaos, f pl pecaes
person		first singular yo	second singular tu	third singular él/elli	first plural nosotros/nós	second plural vosotros/vós	third plural ellos
indicative	present	peco	peques	peca	pecamos	pecáis	pequen
	imperfect	pecaba	pecabes	pecaba	pecábemos, pecábamos	pecabeis, pecabais	pecaben
	preterite	pequé	pecasti, pequesti	pecó	pequemos	pecastis, pequestis	pecaron
	pluperfect	pecare, pecara	pecares, pecaras	pecare, pecara	pecáremos, pecáramos	pecareis, pecarais	pecaren, pecaran
	future	pecaré	pecarás	pecará	pecaremos	pecaréis	pecarán
	conditional	pecaría	pecaríes	pecaría	pecaríemos, pecaríamos	pecaríeis, pecaríais	pecaríen
subjunctive	present	peque	peques, pecas	peque	pequemos	pequéis	pequen, pecan
	imperfect	pecare, pecara	pecares, pecaras	pecare, pecara	pecáremos, pecáramos	pecareis, pecarais	pecaren, pecaran
imperative		—	peca	—	—	pecái	—

Related terms

• pecáu

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Old Catalan pec(c)ar, from Latin peccāre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central) [pəˈka]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [peˈkaɾ]
• IPA^(key): (Northwestern) [peˈka]

• Audio (Barcelona):

  (file)

• Homophone: pecà
• Rhymes: -a(ɾ)

Verb

pecar (first-person singular present peco, first-person singular preterite pequí, past participle pecat); root stress: (Northern) /e̞/; (Balearic, Central, Northwestern, Valencia) /e/

1. to sin

Conjugation

    Central Catalan conjugation of pecar (first conjugation, c-qu alternation)

infinitive			pecar
gerund			pecant
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		pecat		—
		plural		—		—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	peco	peques	peca	pequem	pequeu	pequen
	imperfect	pecava	pecaves	pecava	pecàvem	pecàveu	pecaven
	future	pecaré	pecaràs	pecarà	pecarem	pecareu	pecaran
	preterite	pequí	pecares	pecà	pecàrem	pecàreu	pecaren
	conditional	pecaria	pecaries	pecaria	pecaríem	pecaríeu	pecarien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	pequi	pequis	pequi	pequem	pequeu	pequin
	imperfect	pequés	pequessis	pequés	pequéssim	pequéssiu	pequessin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	peca	pequi	pequem	pequeu	pequin
	negative (no)	—	no pequis	no pequi	no pequem	no pequeu	no pequin

Related terms

• pecador
• pecat

References

• “pecar”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007
• “pecar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2026
• “pecar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• Alcover, Antoni Maria; Moll, Francesc de Borja (1963), “pecar”, in Diccionari català-valencià-balear (in Catalan)

Galician

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese pecar, from Latin peccāre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /peˈkaɾ/ [peˈkɑɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Hyphenation: pe‧car

Verb

pecar (first-person singular present peco, first-person singular preterite pequei, past participle pecado)

1. (intransitive) to sin

Conjugation

    Conjugation of pecar (c-qu alternation)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	pecar
Personal	pecar	pecares	pecar	pecarmos	pecardes	pecaren
Gerund
	pecando
Past participle
Masculine	pecado			—
Feminine	—			—
Indicative
Present	peco	pecas	peca	pecamos	pecades	pecan
Imperfect	pecaba	pecabas	pecaba	pecabamos	pecabades	pecaban
Preterite	pequei	pecaches	pecou	pecamos	pecastes	pecaron
Pluperfect	pecara	pecaras	pecara	pecaramos	pecarades	pecaran
Future	pecarei	pecarás	pecará	pecaremos	pecaredes	pecarán
Conditional	pecaría	pecarías	pecaría	pecariamos	pecariades	pecarían
Subjunctive
Present	peque	peques	peque	pequemos	pequedes	pequen
Imperfect	pecase	pecases	pecase	pecásemos	pecásedes	pecasen
Future	pecar	pecares	pecar	pecarmos	pecardes	pecaren
Imperative
Affirmative		peca	peque	pequemos	pecade	pequen
Negative (non)		non peques	non peque	non pequemos	non pequedes	non pequen

    Reintegrated conjugation of pecar (c-qu alternation) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	pecar
Personal	pecar	pecares	pecar	pecarmos	pecardes	pecarem
Gerund
	pecando
Past participle
Masculine	pecado			—
Feminine	—			—
Indicative
Present	peco	pecas	peca	pecamos	pecades, pecais	pecam
Imperfect	pecava	pecavas	pecava	pecávamos	pecávades, pecáveis, pecávais1	pecavam
Preterite	pequei	pecaste, pecache1	pecou	pecamos	pecastes	pecárom, pecaram
Pluperfect	pecara	pecaras	pecara	pecáramos	pecárades, pecáreis, pecárais1	pecaram
Future	pecarei	pecarás	pecará	pecaremos	pecaredes, pecareis	pecarám, pecarão
Conditional	pecaria	pecarias	pecaria	pecaríamos	pecaríades, pecaríeis, pecaríais1	pecariam
Subjunctive
Present	peque	peques	peque	pequemos	pequedes, pequeis	pequem
Imperfect	pecasse	pecasses	pecasse	pecássemos	pecássedes, pecásseis	pecassem
Future	pecar	pecares	pecar	pecarmos	pecardes	pecarem
Imperative
Affirmative		peca	peque	pequemos	pecade, pecai	pequem
Negative (nom)		nom peques	nom peque	nom pequemos	nom pequedes, nom pequeis	nom pequem

¹Less recommended.

Related terms

• pecado
• pecador

References

• Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “pecar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Barreiro, Xavier Varela; Guinovart, Xavier Gómez (2006–2018), “pecar”, in Corpus Xelmírez: corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval [Corpus Xelmírez: linguistic corpus of Medieval Galicia] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “pecar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “pecar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2026
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “pecar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “pecar”, in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (in Galician), 2014–2026
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “pecar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Occitan

Etymology

From Old Occitan peccar, from Latin peccāre.

Pronunciation

• Audio (Béarn):

  (file)

Verb

pecar

1. to sin (commit a sin)

Conjugation

    Lengadocian (Central Occitan)

		simple			compound
infinitive		pecar			aver pecat
gerund		pecant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		pecat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	pequi	pecas	peca	pecam	pecatz	pecan
	imperfect	pecavi	pecavas	pecava	pecàvem	pecàvetz	pecavan
	preterite	pequèri	pequères	pequèt	pequèrem	pequèretz	pequèron
	future	pecarai	pecaràs	pecarà	pecarem	pecaretz	pecaràn
	conditional	pecariái	pecariás	pecariá	pecariam	pecariatz	pecarián
	conditional 2nd form1	pequèra	pequèras	pequèra	pequeram	pequeratz	pequèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	peque	peques	peque	pequem	pequetz	pequen
	imperfect	pequèssi	pequèsses	pequèsse	pequèssem	pequèssetz	pequèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			peca		pequem	pecatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Auvernhàs

		simple			compound
infinitive		pecar			aver pecat
gerund		pecant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		pecat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	peque	peques	peca	pecam	pecatz	pecon
	imperfect	pecave	pecaves	pecava	pecaviam	pecaviatz	pecavon
	preterite	pequere	pequeres	pequet	pequem	pequetz	pequeron
	future	pecarai	pecaràs	pecará	pecarem	pecaretz	pecarán
	conditional	pecariá	pecariás	pecariá	pecariam	pecariatz	pecarián
	conditional 2nd form1	pequèra	pequèras	pequèra	pequeram	pequeratz	pequèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	peque	peques	peque	pecassiam	pecassiatz	pecon
	imperfect	pequesse	pequesses	pequesse	pequessiam	pequessiatz	pequesson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			peca		pecassiam	pecatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Gascon

		simple			compound
infinitive		pecar			aver pecat
gerund		pecant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		pecat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	pequi	pecas	peca	pecam	pecatz	pecan
	imperfect	pecavi	pecavas	pecava	pecàvam	pecàvatz	pecavan
	preterite	pequèi	pequès	pequè	pequèm	pequètz	pequèn
	future	pecarèi	pecaràs	pecarà	pecaram	pecaratz	pecaràn
	conditional	pecarí	pecarés	pecaré	pecarem	pecaretz	pecarén
	conditional 2nd form1	pequèra	pequèras	pequèra	pequeram	pequeratz	pequèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	pequi	peques	peque	pequem	pequetz	pequen
	imperfect	pequèssi	pequèsses	pequèsse	pequèssem	pequèssetz	pequèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			peca		pequem	pecatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Lemosin

		simple			compound
infinitive		pecar			aver pecat
gerund		pecant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		pecat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	peque	pecas	peca	pecam	pecatz	pecan
	imperfect	pecava	pecavas	pecava	pecàvam	pecàvatz	pecavan
	preterite	pequei	pequeras	pequet	pequèram	pequèratz	pequeran
	future	pecarai	pecaràs	pecará	pecarem	pecaretz	pecarán
	conditional	pecariá	pecariàs	pecariá	pecariam	pecariatz	pecarián
	conditional 2nd form1	pequèra	pequèras	pequèra	pequeram	pequeratz	pequèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	peque	peques	peque	pequem	pequetz	pequen
	imperfect	pequèsse	pequèsses	pequèsse	pequèssem	pequèssetz	pequèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			peca		pequem	pecatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Provençau

		simple			compound
infinitive		pecar			aver pecat
gerund		pecant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		pecat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	peque	peques	peca	pecam	pecatz	pecan
	imperfect	pecavi	pecavas	pecava	pecàvem	pecàvetz	pecavan
	preterite	pequère	pequères	pequèt	pequeriam	pequeriatz	pequèron
	future	pecarai	pecaràs	pecarà	pecarem	pecaretz	pecaràn
	conditional	pecariáu	pecariás	pecariá	pecariam	pecariatz	pecarián
	conditional 2nd form1	pequèra	pequèras	pequèra	pequeram	pequeratz	pequèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	peque	peques	peque	pequem	pequetz	pecan
	imperfect	pequèsse	pequèsses	pequèsse	pequessiam	pequessiatz	pequèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			peca		pequem	pecatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Related terms

• pecador
• pecat

Portuguese

Alternative forms

• peccar (pre-standardization spelling)

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /peˈka(ʁ)/ [peˈka(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /peˈka(ʁ)/ [peˈka(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /peˈka(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /peˈka(ʁ)/ [peˈka(χ)]
  • (Caipira) IPA^(key): /peˈka(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /pɨˈkaɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /pɨˈkaɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /pɨˈka.ɾi/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese pecar, from Latin peccāre (“to sin”).

Verb

pecar (first-person singular present peco, first-person singular preterite pequei, past participle pecado)

1. (theology) to sin (commit a sin)

   Synonym: errar

2. to commit a misdeed

Conjugation

    Conjugation of pecar (c-qu alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	pecar
Personal	pecar	pecares	pecar	pecarmos	pecardes	pecarem
Gerund
	pecando
Past participle
Masculine	pecado			—
Feminine	—			—
Indicative
Present	peco	pecas	peca	pecamos	pecais	pecam
Imperfect	pecava	pecavas	pecava	pecávamos	pecáveis	pecavam
Preterite	pequei	pecaste	pecou	pecamos1, pecámos2	pecastes	pecaram
Pluperfect	pecara	pecaras	pecara	pecáramos	pecáreis	pecaram
Future	pecarei	pecarás	pecará	pecaremos	pecareis	pecarão
Conditional	pecaria	pecarias	pecaria	pecaríamos	pecaríeis	pecariam
Subjunctive
Present	peque	peques	peque	pequemos	pequeis	pequem
Imperfect	pecasse	pecasses	pecasse	pecássemos	pecásseis	pecassem
Future	pecar	pecares	pecar	pecarmos	pecardes	pecarem
Imperative
Affirmative		peca	peque	pequemos	pecai	pequem
Negative (não)		não peques	não peque	não pequemos	não pequeis	não pequem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Derived terms

• ser melhor pecar por excesso

Related terms

• pecabilidade
• pecadilho
• pecado
• pecador
• pecaminosamente
• pecaminosidade
• pecaminoso
• pecante

Etymology 2

From peco + -ar.

Verb

pecar (first-person singular present peco, first-person singular preterite pequei, past participle pecado)

1. to become stupid

Conjugation

    Conjugation of pecar (c-qu alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	pecar
Personal	pecar	pecares	pecar	pecarmos	pecardes	pecarem
Gerund
	pecando
Past participle
Masculine	pecado			—
Feminine	—			—
Indicative
Present	peco	pecas	peca	pecamos	pecais	pecam
Imperfect	pecava	pecavas	pecava	pecávamos	pecáveis	pecavam
Preterite	pequei	pecaste	pecou	pecamos1, pecámos2	pecastes	pecaram
Pluperfect	pecara	pecaras	pecara	pecáramos	pecáreis	pecaram
Future	pecarei	pecarás	pecará	pecaremos	pecareis	pecarão
Conditional	pecaria	pecarias	pecaria	pecaríamos	pecaríeis	pecariam
Subjunctive
Present	peque	peques	peque	pequemos	pequeis	pequem
Imperfect	pecasse	pecasses	pecasse	pecássemos	pecásseis	pecassem
Future	pecar	pecares	pecar	pecarmos	pecardes	pecarem
Imperative
Affirmative		peca	peque	pequemos	pecai	pequem
Negative (não)		não peques	não peque	não pequemos	não pequeis	não pequem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Further reading

• “pecar”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “pecar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Spanish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *ped-

Proto-Indo-European *-ko-

Proto-Indo-European *pedko-

Proto-Indo-European *pet-

Proto-Indo-European *-ko-

Proto-Indo-European *petko-

Proto-Italic *petko-?

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Proto-Italic *petkāō

Latin peccōlbor.

Old Spanish pecar

Spanish pecar

Inherited from Old Spanish pecar, a learned borrowing from Latin peccāre. If directly inherited, short Latin /e/ would have diphthongized into Spanish /je/ when stressed, e.g. yielding *pieco instead of peco (“I sin”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /peˈkaɾ/ [peˈkaɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: pe‧car

Verb

pecar (first-person singular present peco, first-person singular preterite pequé, past participle pecado)

1. (intransitive) to sin

Conjugation

    Conjugation of pecar (c-qu alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			pecar
gerund			pecando
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		pecado		pecada
		plural		pecados		pecadas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	peco	pecastú pecásvos	peca	pecamos	pecáis	pecan
	imperfect	pecaba	pecabas	pecaba	pecábamos	pecabais	pecaban
	preterite	pequé	pecaste	pecó	pecamos	pecasteis	pecaron
	future	pecaré	pecarás	pecará	pecaremos	pecaréis	pecarán
	conditional	pecaría	pecarías	pecaría	pecaríamos	pecaríais	pecarían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	peque	pequestú pequésvos2	peque	pequemos	pequéis	pequen
	imperfect (ra)	pecara	pecaras	pecara	pecáramos	pecarais	pecaran
	imperfect (se)	pecase	pecases	pecase	pecásemos	pecaseis	pecasen
	future1	pecare	pecares	pecare	pecáremos	pecareis	pecaren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		pecatú pecávos	peque	pequemos	pecad	pequen
	negative		no peques	no peque	no pequemos	no pequéis	no pequen

¹Rare; now chiefly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tuteo-form for the present subjunctive.

Derived terms

• en arca abierta el justo peca
• pecar de prudente
• tanto peca el que mata a la vaca como el que le agarra la pata

Related terms

• pecadillo
• pecado
• pecador
• pecaminoso
• pecante

Further reading

• “pecar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025