manager

See also: Manager and mánager

English

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂-der.

Proto-Italic *manus

Latin manus

Proto-Indo-European *-id-

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-idyéti

Proto-Hellenic *-íďďō

Ancient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)bor.

Latin -izāre

Vulgar Latin *manizāre

Old Italian maneggiareder.?

Old French manegebor.

Middle English *manage

English manage

Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.

Proto-Italic *-āzijos

Latin -āriusnom.

Latin -āriusbor.

Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz

Proto-West Germanic *-ārī

Old English -ere

Middle English -ere

English -er

English manager

From manage + -er.

Alternative forms

• managah, managuh (eye dialect)

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈmæn.ɪ.dʒə/

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈmæn.ə.dʒəɹ/, [ˈmeə̯n.ə.d͡ʒɚ]

  • Audio (US):

    (file)

• (North India) IPA^(key): /mæːˈneː.dʒə(r)/, /ˈmæː.nə.dʒə(r)/
• (South India) IPA^(key): /ˈmæː.ne(ː).dʒə(r)/
• Hyphenation: man‧a‧ger

Noun

manager (plural managers)

1. (management) A person whose job is to manage something, such as a business, a restaurant, or a sports team.

   Synonyms: administrator, boss, chief, controller, comptroller, foreman, head, head man, overseer, organizer, superintendent, supervisor

   • 2009, Bernard M. Bass, Ruth Bass, The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications, →ISBN, page ii:

     Although they did not want to risk wasting money, faster-climbing managers did value generosity and fair-mindedness.

   • 2013 September 1, Phil McNulty, BBC Sport‎^[1]:

     And it was a fitting victory for Liverpool as Anfield celebrated the 100th anniversary of the birth of their legendary Scottish manager Bill Shankly.

2. (baseball, soccer) The head coach.
3. (music) An administrator, for a singer or group. (Can we add an example for this sense?)
4. (software) A window or application whose purpose is to give the user the control over some aspect of the system.

   a file manager; a task manager; Program Manager

Derived terms

• account manager
• assistant manager
• assistant stage manager
• bank manager
• boot manager
• branch manager
• can I speak to the manager haircut
• chairmanager
• city manager
• comanager
• co-manager
• community manager
• corpus manager
• credit manager
• customer success manager
• data manager
• district manager
• download manager
• duty manager
• file manager
• floor manager
• fund manager
• game manager
• general manager
• house manager
• I want to speak to the manager haircut
• line manager
• managerdom
• managerese
• managerless
• managerly
• managership
• micro manager
• micromanager
• middle manager
• momager
• multimanager
• nonmanager
• operations manager
• orthodox file manager
• package manager
• player-manager
• production manager
• product manager
• project manager
• project-manager
• road manager
• seagull manager
• stage manager
• store manager
• submanager
• supermanager
• task manager
• technomanager
• town manager
• undermanager
• under-manager
• window manager
• womanager

Related terms

• manage
• management
• manageress
• managerial

Descendants

Descendants

• → Albanian: menaxher
• → Burmese: မန်နေဂျာ (mannegya)
• → Bulgarian: ме́ниджър (ménidžǎr)
• → Catalan: mànager
• → Cebuano: manedyer
• → Dutch: manager
• → French: manager, manageur
  • → Turkish: menajer
• → German: Manager
• → Greek: μάνατζερ (mánatzer)
• → Hungarian: menedzser
• → Italian: manager
• → Japanese: マネージャー (manējā)
• → Korean: 매니저 (maenijeo)
• → Polish: menedżer
• → Romanian: manager
• → Russian: ме́неджер (ménedžer)
• → Scottish Gaelic: manaidsear
• → Spanish: mánager
• → Swahili: meneja
• → Tagalog: manedyer
• → Ukrainian: ме́неджер (ménedžer)

Translations

person whose job is to manage something

• Albanian: menaxher m, drejtor (sq) m
• Arabic: مُدِير m (mudīr), مُدِيرَة f (mudīra)

  Egyptian Arabic: مدير m (mudīr)

• Armenian: կառավարիչ (hy) (kaṙavaričʻ), մենեջեր (hy) (meneǰer), ղեկավար (hy) (ġekavar)
• Azerbaijani: müdir, menecer (az), direktor, rəhbər (az), başçı (az)
• Belarusian: мэ́нэджэр m (ménedžer), дырэ́ктар m (dyréktar), кіраўні́к m (kirawník), кіраўні́ца f (kirawníca)
• Bengali: পরিচালক (bn) (poricalok), ম্যানেজার (bn) (mênejar)
• Bulgarian: ме́ниджър (bg) m (ménidžǎr), дире́ктор (bg) m (diréktor), ръководи́тел (bg) m (rǎkovodítel), ръководи́телка f (rǎkovodítelka)
• Burmese: မန်နေဂျာ (my) (mannegya)
• Chechen: менеджер (menedžer)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 經理 / 经理 (zh) (jīnglǐ), 主管 (zh) (zhúguǎn), 主任 (zh) (zhǔrèn)

• Czech: manažer (cs) m, manažerka f, správce (cs) m, správkyně (cs) f, ředitel (cs) m, ředitelka (cs) f
• Danish: bestyrer c, leder (da), chef (da), direktør c
• Dutch: directeur (nl) m, manager (nl) m
• Esperanto: manaĝisto, manaĝero
• Estonian: juhataja (et), juht (et), direktor
• Finnish: johtaja (fi)
• French: (of a business) directeur (fr) m, (of a restaurant, etc.) gérant (fr) m, (of a sports team, etc) manager (fr) m, chef (fr) m, responsable (fr) m or f
• Galician: xerente (gl) m or f
• Georgian: მენეჯერი (meneǯeri), დირექტორი (direkṭori)
• German: Direktor (de) m, Direktorin (de) f, Manager (de) m, Managerin (de) f, Verwalter (de) m, Verwalterin (de) f
• Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌾𐌰 m (fauragaggja)
• Greek: διευθυντής (el) m (diefthyntís), διευθύντρια (el) f (diefthýntria), μάνατζερ (el) m or f (mánatzer)

  Ancient Greek: οἰκονόμος m (oikonómos)

• Hebrew: מְנַהֵל m (menahél)
• Hindi: प्रबंधक (hi) m (prabandhak), संचालक (hi) m (sañcālak), मैनेजर (hi) m (mainejar), मुंतज़िम m (muntazim), मुंसरिम (hi) m (munsarim)
• Hungarian: igazgató (hu), vezető (hu), menedzser (hu)
• Icelandic: forstöðumaður (is) m, forstjóri (is) m
• Ido: jeristo (io)
• Indonesian: manajer (id)
• Irish: bainisteoir (ga) m
• Italian: direttore (it) m, capo (it) m, responsabile (it) m, gestore (it) m, allenatore (it) m
• Japanese: 支配人 (ja) (しはいにん, shihainin), 経営者 (ja) (けいえいしゃ, keieisha), マネージャー (ja) (manējā), 管理者 (ja) (かんりしゃ, kanrisha), 店長 (ja) (てんちょう, tenchō) (store manager)
• Kazakh: басқарушы (basqaruşy), меңгеруші (meñgeruşı)
• Khmer: ចាងហ្វាង (caang vaang), ចាងវ៉ាង (km) (caang vaang)
• Korean: 관리자(管理者) (ko) (gwallija), 매니저 (maenijeo), 지배인(支配人) (ko) (jibaein), 경영자(經營者) (ko) (gyeong'yeongja)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: birêveber (ku), midûr (ku)

• Kyrgyz: менеджер (ky) (menedjer), жетекчи (ky) (jetekci), директор (ky) (direktor)
• Lao: ຜູ້ຈັດການ (phū chat kān)
• Latin: procurator m, prōmus m
• Latvian: vadītājs (lv) m, direktors m, administrators m, pārvaldnieks m, vadītāja f, direktore f, administratore f
• Lithuanian: vadovas m, valdytojas m, vedėjas m, direktorius m, vadybininkas m, vadovė f, valdytoja f, vedėja f, direktorė f
• Macedonian: менаџер (mk) m (menadžer), менаџерка f (menadžerka)
• Malay: pengurus (ms)
• Maltese: meniġer m
• Māori: menetia, kaiwhakahaere
• Mongolian:

  Cyrillic: менежер (mn) (menežer), удирдагч (mn) (udirdagč), эрхлэгч (mn) (erxlegč)

  Mongolian script: ᠮᠧᠨᠧᠵᠧᠷ (mēnēǰēr), ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠴᠢ (uduriduɣči), ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ (erkileɣči)

• Norman: gérant m, mênagi m
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: leder (no) m, bestyrer m, direktør (no) m

• Pashto: مدیر m (mudir), منتظم m (montazam)
• Persian:

  Dari: مُدِیر (mudīr), رَهْبَر (rahbar)

  Iranian Persian: مُدیر (modir), رَهْبَر (rahbar)

• Polish: kierownik (pl) m, kierowniczka (pl) f, menedżer (pl) m, menedżerka f, menadżer (pl) m, menadżerka f, manager (pl) m, managerka f
• Portuguese: gerente (pt) m or f, gerenciador m (chiefly Brazil), chefe (pt) m
• Romanian: director (ro) m, șef (ro) m, manager (ro) m
• Russian: ме́неджер (ru) m (mɛ́nɛdžer, ménɛdžer) (male or female), дире́ктор (ru) m (diréktor) (used for both male and female), директри́са (ru) f (direktrísa), управля́ющий (ru) m (upravljájuščij), управля́ющая (ru) f (upravljájuščaja), руководи́тель (ru) m (rukovodítelʹ), руководи́тельница (ru) f (rukovodítelʹnica)
• Scottish Gaelic: grèidhear m, neach-stiùiridh m, neach-riaghlaidh m
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: по̏словођа m, мѐнаџер m, мѐнеџер m, дѝректор m, руково̀дилац m

  Latin: pȍslovođa (sh) m, mènadžer (sh) m, mènedžer (sh) m, dìrektor (sh) m, rukovòdilac (sh) m

• Slovak: manažér m, manažérka f, správca m, správkyňa f, riaditeľ m, riaditeľka f
• Slovene: direktor m, direktorica f, upravitelj m, upraviteljica f
• Spanish: director (es) m, gerente (es) m, gestor (es) m, jefe (es) m, mánager m or f, mánacher c (United States), mánayer m or f, mániyer c (United States), mániye c (United States), ecónomo m
• Swahili: meneja (sw) class 5/6
• Swedish: direktör (sv) c
• Tajik: мудир (tg) (mudir), менеҷер (menejer), директор (tg) (direktor), раҳбар (tg) (rahbar)
• Telugu: నిర్వాహకుడు (te) (nirvāhakuḍu)
• Thai: ผู้จัดการ (th) (pûu-jàt-gaan)
• Tok Pisin: menesa
• Turkish: müdür (tr), yönetici (tr), menajer (tr), idareci (tr)
• Turkmen: müdir, beýemçi, direktor
• Ukrainian: ме́неджер m (ménedžer), дире́ктор (uk) m (dyréktor), керівни́к (uk) m (kerivnýk), керівни́ця f (kerivnýcja), ме́неджерка f (ménedžerka), дире́кторка f (dyréktorka), керу́ючий m (kerújučyj), керу́юча f (kerújuča)
• Urdu: مَینیجَر m (mainejar), مُنْتَظِم m (muntazim), مُدِیر m (mudīr), مُنْصَرِم m (munsarim), پَرَبَنْدَھک m (parabandhak)
• Uyghur: باشقۇرغۇچى (bashqurghuchi), دىرېكتور (dirëktor), مۇدىر (mudir)
• Uzbek: boshqaruvchi (uz), menejer, rahbar (uz), mudir (uz), direktor (uz)
• Vietnamese: người quản lý (vi)
• Welsh: rheolwr (cy) m, goruchwyliwr m, trefnwr (cy) m
• Yiddish: פֿאַרוואַלטער m (farvalter)

administrator, for a singer or group — see also representative

• Bulgarian: ме́ниджър (bg) m (ménidžǎr), импреса́рио m (impresário)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: please add this translation if you can

• Danish: promotor ?
• Dutch: manager (nl) m, impresario (nl) m
• Finnish: manageri (fi)
• Greek: καλλιτεχνικός πράκτορας m (kallitechnikós práktoras)

  Ancient Greek: οἰκονόμος m (oikonómos)

• Italian: impresario (it) m
• Malay: pengurus (ms)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: manager m, impressario m

• Polish: menedżer (pl) m, menedżerka f, menadżer (pl) m, menadżerka f, manager (pl) m, managerka f
• Portuguese: empresário (pt) m
• Romanian: impresar (ro) m, manager (ro) m
• Russian: импреса́рио (ru) m (impresário)
• Swahili: meneja (sw) class 5/6

in computer software — see also administrator

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 管理器 (guǎnlǐqì)

• Dutch: beheer (nl) n
• Finnish: hallinta (fi)
• French: gestionnaire (fr) m
• Greek: διαχειριστής (el) m (diacheiristís)
• Italian: gestore (it) m
• Malay: pengurus (ms)
• Polish: menadżer (pl) m
• Russian: ме́неджер (ru) m (mɛ́nɛdžer, ménɛdžer)
• Ukrainian: менеджер m (menedžer)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Albanian: ^{(please verify)} administronjës ?
• Italian: (of a business) ^{(please verify)} direttore (it) m, ^{(please verify)} direttrice (it) f, (of a restaurant, etc.) ^{(please verify)} gerente (it) m, (of a sports team, etc.) ^{(please verify)} manager (it) m

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from English manager.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmɛ.nə.dʒər/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: ma‧na‧ger

Noun

manager m (plural managers, diminutive managertje n)

1. a manager, someone in management

Derived terms

• bankmanager
• crisismanager
• hotelmanager
• interim-manager
• officemanager
• projectmanager

Related terms

• management
• managen

French

Alternative forms

• manageur

Etymology

Borrowed from English manager.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ma.na.dʒɛʁ/, /ma.na.dʒœʁ/, /ma.na.dʒe/

• Audio (France (Toulouse)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Lyon)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Somain)):

  (file)

Noun

manager m (plural managers)

1. (sports, Europe, Africa, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, New Caledonia) manager

   Synonym: (Quebec) gérant

Verb

manager

1. (colloquial, North America) to manage

Conjugation

This is a regular -er verb, but the stem is written manage- before endings that begin with -a- or -o- (to indicate that the -g- is a "soft" /ʒ/ and not a "hard" /ɡ/). This spelling change occurs in all verbs in -ger, such as neiger and manger.

Conjugation of manager (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	simple	manager
	compound	avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1	simple	manageant /ma.na.dʒɑ̃/
	compound	ayant + past participle
past participle		managé /ma.na.dʒe/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle, on	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	manage /ma.nadʒ/	manages /ma.nadʒ/	manage /ma.nadʒ/	manageons /ma.na.dʒɔ̃/	managez /ma.na.dʒe/	managent /ma.nadʒ/
	imperfect	manageais /ma.na.dʒɛ/	manageais /ma.na.dʒɛ/	manageait /ma.na.dʒɛ/	managions /ma.nadʒ.jɔ̃/	managiez /ma.nadʒ.je/	manageaient /ma.na.dʒɛ/
	past historic2	manageai /ma.na.dʒe/	manageas /ma.na.dʒa/	managea /ma.na.dʒa/	manageâmes /ma.na.dʒam/	manageâtes /ma.na.dʒat/	managèrent /ma.na.dʒɛʁ/
	future	managerai /ma.na.dʒə.ʁe/	manageras /ma.na.dʒə.ʁa/	managera /ma.na.dʒə.ʁa/	managerons /ma.na.dʒə.ʁɔ̃/	managerez /ma.na.dʒə.ʁe/	manageront /ma.na.dʒə.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	managerais /ma.na.dʒə.ʁɛ/	managerais /ma.na.dʒə.ʁɛ/	managerait /ma.na.dʒə.ʁɛ/	managerions /ma.na.dʒə.ʁjɔ̃/	manageriez /ma.na.dʒə.ʁje/	manageraient /ma.na.dʒə.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior2	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	manage /ma.nadʒ/	manages /ma.nadʒ/	manage /ma.nadʒ/	managions /ma.nadʒ.jɔ̃/	managiez /ma.nadʒ.je/	managent /ma.nadʒ/
	imperfect2	manageasse /ma.na.dʒas/	manageasses /ma.na.dʒas/	manageât /ma.na.dʒa/	manageassions /ma.na.dʒa.sjɔ̃/	manageassiez /ma.na.dʒa.sje/	manageassent /ma.na.dʒas/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect2	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	manage /ma.nadʒ/	—	manageons /ma.na.dʒɔ̃/	managez /ma.na.dʒe/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way: past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Descendants

• → Turkish: menajer

Further reading

• “manager”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Anagrams

• magnera, mangera

Italian

Etymology

Borrowed from English manager.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈma.na.d͡ʒer/, /ˈmɛ.na.d͡ʒer/, /ˈma.ne.d͡ʒer/, /ˈmɛ.ne.d͡ʒer/
• Rhymes: -anadʒer, -ɛnadʒer, -anedʒer, -ɛnedʒer
• Hyphenation: mà‧na‧ger

Noun

manager m (plural managers)

1. (sports, business) manager

Further reading

• manager in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Anagrams

• germana, magnare, magnerà, mangerà

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂-der.

Proto-Italic *manus

Latin manus

Proto-Indo-European *-id-

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-idyéti

Proto-Hellenic *-íďďō

Ancient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)bor.

Latin -izāre

Vulgar Latin *manizāre

Old Italian maneggiareder.?

Old French manegebor.

Middle English *manage

English manage

Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.

Proto-Italic *-āzijos

Latin -āriusnom.

Latin -āriusbor.

Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz

Proto-West Germanic *-ārī

Old English -ere

Middle English -ere

English -er

English managerubor.

Polish manager

Unadapted borrowing from English manager.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mɛˈnɛ.d͡ʐɛr/
• Rhymes: -ɛd͡ʐɛr
• Syllabification: ma‧na‧ger

Noun

manager m pers (female equivalent managerka)

1. (management) alternative spelling of menedżer
2. (music) alternative spelling of menedżer
3. (computing) alternative spelling of menedżer

Declension

Declension of manager

	singular	plural
nominative	manager	managerowie
genitive	managera	managerów
dative	managerowi	managerom
accusative	managera	managerów
instrumental	managerem	managerami
locative	managerze	managerach
vocative	managerze	managerowie

Derived terms

adjective

• managerski

noun

• managerstwo

verb

• managerować

Related terms

adverb

• managersko

Further reading

• “manager”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[2] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “manager”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[3] (in Polish)

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from English manager.

Noun

manager m (plural manageri)

1. manager

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	manager	managerul	manageri	managerii
genitive-dative	manager	managerului	manageri	managerilor
vocative	managerule		managerilor

Spanish

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English manager.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈmanaʝeɾ/ [ˈma.na.ʝeɾ]

• IPA^(key): /ˈmanaʝeɾ/ [ˈma.na.ʝeɾ] (everywhere but Argentina and Uruguay)
• IPA^(key): /ˈmanaʃeɾ/ [ˈma.na.ʃeɾ] (Buenos Aires and environs)
• IPA^(key): /ˈmanaʒeɾ/ [ˈma.na.ʒeɾ] (elsewhere in Argentina and Uruguay)

• Rhymes: -anaʝeɾ

Noun

manager m or f by sense (plural managers)

1. alternative form of mánager

Usage notes

According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.

Further reading

• Seco, Manuel; Andrés, Olimpia; Ramos, Gabino (2023), “manager”, in Diccionario del español actual (in Spanish), third digital edition, Fundación BBVA
• manager | Diccionario del estudiante | RAE
• “manager”, in Diccionario panhispánico de dudas [Panhispanic Dictionary of Uncertainties] (in Spanish), 2nd edition, Royal Spanish Academy; Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, 2023, →ISBN
• «mánager» o «mánayer», grafías válidas | FundéuRAE