kalma

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kalma, likely from Proto-Uralic *kalma (compare Erzya калмо (kalmo, “grave”)), formed as *kale- (“to die”) + *-ma (compare kuolema, formed as kuole- + -ma, both from the same verb with the same suffix, but at different times; kuolema is still recognizable as a deverbal noun, while kalma is not).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlmɑ/, [ˈkɑ̝lmɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑlmɑ
• Syllabification^(key): kal‧ma
• Hyphenation^(key): kal‧ma

Noun

kalma (literary)

1. death

   Synonyms: see kuolema

   kalman haju ― the odor of death

Declension

Inflection of kalma (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		kalma	kalmat
genitive		kalman	kalmojen
partitive		kalmaa	kalmoja
illative		kalmaan	kalmoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		kalma	kalmat
accusative	nom.	kalma	kalmat
	gen.	kalman
genitive		kalman	kalmojen kalmain rare
partitive		kalmaa	kalmoja
inessive		kalmassa	kalmoissa
elative		kalmasta	kalmoista
illative		kalmaan	kalmoihin
adessive		kalmalla	kalmoilla
ablative		kalmalta	kalmoilta
allative		kalmalle	kalmoille
essive		kalmana	kalmoina
translative		kalmaksi	kalmoiksi
abessive		kalmatta	kalmoitta
instructive		—	kalmoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of kalma (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative kalmani kalmani accusative nom. kalmani kalmani gen. kalmani genitive kalmani kalmojeni kalmaini rare partitive kalmaani kalmojani inessive kalmassani kalmoissani elative kalmastani kalmoistani illative kalmaani kalmoihini adessive kalmallani kalmoillani ablative kalmaltani kalmoiltani allative kalmalleni kalmoilleni essive kalmanani kalmoinani translative kalmakseni kalmoikseni abessive kalmattani kalmoittani instructive — — comitative — kalmoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative kalmasi kalmasi accusative nom. kalmasi kalmasi gen. kalmasi genitive kalmasi kalmojesi kalmaisi rare partitive kalmaasi kalmojasi inessive kalmassasi kalmoissasi elative kalmastasi kalmoistasi illative kalmaasi kalmoihisi adessive kalmallasi kalmoillasi ablative kalmaltasi kalmoiltasi allative kalmallesi kalmoillesi essive kalmanasi kalmoinasi translative kalmaksesi kalmoiksesi abessive kalmattasi kalmoittasi instructive — — comitative — kalmoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative kalmamme kalmamme accusative nom. kalmamme kalmamme gen. kalmamme genitive kalmamme kalmojemme kalmaimme rare partitive kalmaamme kalmojamme inessive kalmassamme kalmoissamme elative kalmastamme kalmoistamme illative kalmaamme kalmoihimme adessive kalmallamme kalmoillamme ablative kalmaltamme kalmoiltamme allative kalmallemme kalmoillemme essive kalmanamme kalmoinamme translative kalmaksemme kalmoiksemme abessive kalmattamme kalmoittamme instructive — — comitative — kalmoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative kalmanne kalmanne accusative nom. kalmanne kalmanne gen. kalmanne genitive kalmanne kalmojenne kalmainne rare partitive kalmaanne kalmojanne inessive kalmassanne kalmoissanne elative kalmastanne kalmoistanne illative kalmaanne kalmoihinne adessive kalmallanne kalmoillanne ablative kalmaltanne kalmoiltanne allative kalmallenne kalmoillenne essive kalmananne kalmoinanne translative kalmaksenne kalmoiksenne abessive kalmattanne kalmoittanne instructive — — comitative — kalmoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative kalmansa kalmansa accusative nom. kalmansa kalmansa gen. kalmansa genitive kalmansa kalmojensa kalmainsa rare partitive kalmaansa kalmojaan kalmojansa inessive kalmassaan kalmassansa kalmoissaan kalmoissansa elative kalmastaan kalmastansa kalmoistaan kalmoistansa illative kalmaansa kalmoihinsa adessive kalmallaan kalmallansa kalmoillaan kalmoillansa ablative kalmaltaan kalmaltansa kalmoiltaan kalmoiltansa allative kalmalleen kalmallensa kalmoilleen kalmoillensa essive kalmanaan kalmanansa kalmoinaan kalmoinansa translative kalmakseen kalmaksensa kalmoikseen kalmoiksensa abessive kalmattaan kalmattansa kalmoittaan kalmoittansa instructive — — comitative — kalmoineen kalmoinensa

Derived terms

• kalmannos
• kalmea
• kalmisto
• kalmo

compounds

• kalmanhaju
• kalmankalpea
• kalmankatkuinen

Further reading

• “kalma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2 July 2023

Anagrams

• malka

Hausa

Etymology

From Arabic كَلِمَة (kalima).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kál.màː/
  • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [kál.màː]

Noun

kalmā̀ f (plural kalmōmī, possessed form kalmàr̃)

1. word

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from English calm, French calme, Italian calmo, Spanish calmo. Decision no. 14, Progreso II.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkalma/

Adjective

kalma

1. (objects, people or figuratively) calm, still, placid

Usage notes

Kalma indicates a completely passive and material state that does not move: maro kalma a calm sea (i.e. not agitated by the wind). Tranquila has the sense of simultaneously material and mental, but preferably active: which does not agitate itself, does not move itself without usefulness or reason: vicini tranquila tranquil neighborhoods (which are not noisy). Lastly, quieta expresses a mental state, better defined by its opposition desquieteso (“disquietude, inquietude”) and desquieta (“disquiet”).

Derived terms

• kalmeskar (“to calm”) (intransitive)
• kalmigar (“to calm”) (transitive)
• kalmigiva (“anodyne, sedative”)
• kalmigivo (“anodyne, sedative”)

References

• Progreso I (in Ido), 1908–1909, page 713
• Progreso II (in Ido), 1909–1910, page 578
• kalma in Ido-English Dictionary by L.H. Dyer, 1924

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kalma. Cognates include Finnish kalma and Estonian kalm.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlmɑ/, [ˈkɑɫm]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlmɑ/, [ˈkɑɫmɑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑlm, -ɑlmɑ
• Hyphenation: kal‧ma

Noun

kalma

1. burial mound
   • 1916, Volmari Porkka, quoting Maaroi Tarinaisista, “1455. Soikkola, Viistinä. III 326.”, in Väinö Salminen, V. Alava, editor, Suomen Kansan Vanhat Runot. Länsi-Inkerin runot‎^[2], volume III2, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lines 14-15:

     Ku katson meroin kivvooja // Niiku suuren kalman päälle:

     When I look at the stones of the sea // It's like a big burial mound:

2. (in the plural) graveyard

Declension

Declension of kalma (type 3/kana, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kalma	kalmat
genitive	kalman	kalmoin
partitive	kalmaa	kalmoja
illative	kalmaa	kalmoi
inessive	kalmaas	kalmois
elative	kalmast	kalmoist
allative	kalmalle	kalmoille
adessive	kalmaal	kalmoil
ablative	kalmalt	kalmoilt
translative	kalmaks	kalmoiks
essive	kalmanna, kalmaan	kalmoinna, kalmoin
exessive1)	kalmant	kalmoint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Synonyms

• (burial mound): hautapeentara

Derived terms

• kalmaluu

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 128

Kabuverdianu

Alternative forms

• kalmá (Barlavento)

Etymology

From Portuguese acalmar.

Verb

kalma

1. (Sotavento) to calm

   Synonyms: (Sotavento) branda, (Barlavento) sosegá

References

• Gonçalves, Manuel (2015), Capeverdean Creole-English dictionary (overall work in English), Mili Mila, →ISBN
• Veiga, Manuel (2012), Dicionário Caboverdiano-Português, Instituto da Biblioteca Nacional e do Livro

Kapampangan

Alternative forms

• calma (Súlat Bacúlud, Ámung Sámson)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-

Sanskrit कृ (kṛ)

Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥ ~ *-mén

Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ma

Sanskrit -मन् (-man)

Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman)bor.

Kapampangan kalma

From Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kəlˈmaʔ/ [kəlˈmaʔ]

Noun

kalmâ

1. fate; fortune

Descendants

• → Tagalog: kalma

Sambali

Etymology

From Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman). Compare Kapampangan kalma.

Noun

kalma

1. fate, lot; fortune

Tagalog

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *keh₂w-

Proto-Hellenic *káwyō

Ancient Greek καίω (kaíō)

Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic *-mə

Ancient Greek -μα (-ma)

Ancient Greek καῦμα (kaûma)bor.

Late Latin caumabor.

Spanish calmabor.

Tagalog kalma

Borrowed from Spanish calma, borrowed from Late Latin cauma, borrowed from Ancient Greek καῦμα (kaûma, “heat, especially of the sun”), from καίω (kaíō, “burn”) + -μα (-ma).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog)
  • IPA^(key): /ˈkalma/ [ˈk̠al.mɐ] (noun)
    • Rhymes: -alma
  • IPA^(key): /kalˈma/ [k̠ɐlˈma] (adjective)
    • Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: kal‧ma

Noun

kalma (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜎ᜔ᜋ)

1. calmness; peace; stillness

   Synonyms: hinahon, pagkahinahon, kapayapaan

2. silence

   Synonym: katahimikan

Adjective

kalmá (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜎ᜔ᜋ)

1. calm; peaceful; still

   Synonyms: kalmado, mahinahon, payapa

2. silent

   Synonym: tahimik

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-

Sanskrit कृ (kṛ)

Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥ ~ *-mén

Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ma

Sanskrit -मन् (-man)

Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman)bor.

Kapampangan kalmabor.

Tagalog kalma

Borrowed from Kapampangan kalma, borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman), from कृ (kṛ) + -मन् (-man). Doublet of karma.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /kalˈmaʔ/ [k̠ɐlˈmaʔ]
• Rhymes: -aʔ
• Syllabification: kal‧ma

Noun

kalmâ (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜎ᜔ᜋ) (obsolete)

1. good fortune or pleasure

Derived terms

• mapakalma

Further reading

• “kalma”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, 2018