grafa

See also: grāfa and grāfā

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkraːva]

  Rhymes: -aːva

Etymology 1

From Old Norse grafa (“to dig”), from Proto-Germanic *grabaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrābʰ- (“to dig, scratch, scrape”).

Verb

grafa (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative gróf, third-person plural past indicative grófu, supine grafið)

1. to dig
2. to bury

   Synonym: greftra

3. to engrave

   Synonym: skera

4. to enquire

   Synonyms: grafast, spyrja

5. (impersonal) for there to be a festering/infection [with það ‘dummy subject’ and í (+ dative) ‘location of infection’] (idiomatically translated as “fester” or “get infected”, with the dative prepositional object as the logical subject)

   Það grefur í sárinu.

   The wound is festering/is getting infected.

   (literally, “There is an infection in the wound.”)

Conjugation

grafa – active voice (germynd)

infinitive nafnháttur		að grafa
supine sagnbót		grafið
present participle lýsingarháttur nútíðar		grafandi
		indicative framsöguháttur			subjunctive viðtengingarháttur
		present nútíð	past þátíð		present nútíð	past þátíð
singular	ég	gref	gróf		grafi	græfi
	þú	grefur	grófst		grafir	græfir
	hann, hún, það	grefur	gróf		grafi	græfi
plural	við	gröfum	grófum		gröfum	græfum
	þið	grafið	grófuð		grafið	græfuð
	þeir, þær, þau	grafa	grófu		grafi	græfu
		imperative boðháttur
singular	þú	graf (þú), grafðu
plural	þið	grafið (þið), grafiði1

¹ Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

grafast – mediopassive voice (miðmynd)

infinitive nafnháttur		að grafast
supine sagnbót		grafist
present participle lýsingarháttur nútíðar		grafandist (rare; see appendix)
		indicative framsöguháttur			subjunctive viðtengingarháttur
		present nútíð	past þátíð		present nútíð	past þátíð
singular	ég	grefst	grófst		grafist	græfist
	þú	grefst	grófst		grafist	græfist
	hann, hún, það	grefst	grófst		grafist	græfist
plural	við	gröfumst	grófumst		gröfumst	græfumst
	þið	grafist	grófust		grafist	græfust
	þeir, þær, þau	grafast	grófust		grafist	græfust
		imperative boðháttur
singular	þú	grafst (þú), grafstu
plural	þið	grafist (þið), grafisti1

¹ Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

grafinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	grafinn	grafin	grafið	grafnir	grafnar	grafin
accusative (þolfall)	grafinn	grafna	grafið	grafna	grafnar	grafin
dative (þágufall)	gröfnum	grafinni	gröfnu	gröfnum	gröfnum	gröfnum
genitive (eignarfall)	grafins	grafinnar	grafins	grafinna	grafinna	grafinna
weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	grafni	grafna	grafna	gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu
accusative (þolfall)	grafna	gröfnu	grafna	gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu
dative (þágufall)	grafna	gröfnu	grafna	gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu
genitive (eignarfall)	grafna	gröfnu	grafna	gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu

Derived terms

• grafa skurði (“to trench”)
• grafa undan (“to undermine”)

Related terms

• gröf

Etymology 2

From the verb grafa (“to dig”).

A modern excavator

Noun

grafa f (genitive singular gröfu, nominative plural gröfur)

1. an excavator, a digger; (large machine used to dig holes and trenches)

Declension

Declension of grafa (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	grafa	grafan	gröfur	gröfurnar
accusative	gröfu	gröfuna	gröfur	gröfurnar
dative	gröfu	gröfunni	gröfum	gröfunum
genitive	gröfu	gröfunnar	grafa	grafanna

Derived terms

• keðjugrafa (“trencher”)
• traktorsgrafa (“excavator loader”)
• vélgrafa (“mechanical excavator”)
• víragrafa (“rope-operated excavator”)
• vökvagrafa (“hydraulic excavator”)

Etymology 3

Noun

grafa

1. indefinite genitive plural of gröf

Irish

Participle

grafa

1. past participle of graf (“write; draw, sketch; graph, plot, chart”)

Noun

grafa m sg

1. genitive singular of grafadh

Noun

grafa m pl

1. vocative plural of graf (“graph, chart”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of grafa

radical	lenition	eclipsis
grafa	ghrafa	ngrafa

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Lithuanian

Pronunciation

• (grafà) IPA^(key): /ɡraˈfa/

Noun

grafà f (plural grafos) stress pattern 2

1. space between two vertical lines; column

Declension

Declension of grafà

	singular	plural
nominative	grafà	grafos
genitive	grafos	grafų
dative	grafai	grafoms
accusative	grafą	grafàs
instrumental	grafà	grafomis
locative	grafoje	grafose
vocative	grafa	grafos

Synonyms

• skiltis f

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *graib, *graibō (“branch, group of branches, thicket”), from Proto-Germanic *graibaz, *graibô (“branch, fork”), perhaps related to *grīpaną (“to grasp”) and Ancient Greek χρίμπτω (khrímptō, “scratch, graze, wound”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡrɑː.fɑ/, [ˈɡrɑː.vɑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑː.fɑ

Noun

grāfa m

1. grove, copse

Declension

Weak:

	singular	plural
nominative	grāfa	grāfan
accusative	grāfan	grāfan
genitive	grāfan	grāfena
dative	grāfan	grāfum

Descendants

• Middle English: grove
  • English: grove

References

• Joseph Bosworth; T. Northcote Toller (1898), “gráfa”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *grabaną.

Verb

grafa

1. to dig
2. to bury
3. to engrave
4. to enquire (also in middle voice: grafask)
5. (impersonal) to cause the formation of pus (in something); suppurate

Conjugation

Conjugation of grafa — active (strong class 6)

infinitive	grafa
present participle	grafandi
past participle	grafinn
	indicative			subjunctive
	present	past		present	past
1st person singular	gref	gróf		grafa	grœfa
2nd person singular	grefr	gróft		grafir	grœfir
3rd person singular	grefr	gróf		grafi	grœfi
1st person plural	grǫfum	grófum		grafim	grœfim
2nd person plural	grafið	grófuð		grafið	grœfið
3rd person plural	grafa	grófu		grafi	grœfi
imperative	present
2nd person singular	graf
1st person plural	grǫfum
2nd person plural	grafið

Conjugation of grafa — mediopassive (strong class 6)

infinitive	grafask
present participle	grafandisk
past participle	grafizk
	indicative			subjunctive
	present	past		present	past
1st person singular	grǫfumk	grófumk		grǫfumk	grœfumk
2nd person singular	grefsk	grófzk		grafisk	grœfisk
3rd person singular	grefsk	grófsk		grafisk	grœfisk
1st person plural	grǫfumsk	grófumsk		grafimsk	grœfimsk
2nd person plural	grafizk	grófuzk		grafizk	grœfizk
3rd person plural	grafask	grófusk		grafisk	grœfisk
imperative	present
2nd person singular	grafsk
1st person plural	grǫfumsk
2nd person plural	grafizk

Related terms

• grǫf
• grǫftr

Descendants

• Icelandic: grafa
• Faroese: grava
• Norwegian:
  • Norwegian Bokmål: grave
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: grave, grava
• Elfdalian: gråvå
• Old Swedish: grava, græva
  • Swedish: grava, gräva; grafva, gräfva (pre-1906 spelling)
• Danish: grave

Further reading

• Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “grafa”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

Portuguese

Verb

grafa

1. inflection of grafar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

grafa m sg

1. genitive singular of graf

Mutation

Mutation of grafa

radical	lenition
grafa	ghrafa

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.