gr

English

Noun

gr

Abbreviation of grain, a unit of mass.
(rare) Abbreviation of gram; the standard symbol for gram since the International System of Units was introduced in 1960 is g.
Abbreviation of group.

Anagrams

R&G, RG

Egyptian

Etymology

Compare Arabic قَرَّ (qarra, “to be cold, settle down, remain”), Ge'ez ቈረረ (ḳʷärärä, “to be cold, cool down, subside”), Aramaic קְרַר (qərar, “to be cold”), and Hebrew קַר (qar, “cold”).

Pronunciation

(reconstructed) IPA^(key): /kʼaːɾ/ → /kʼaːʔ/ → /kʼaːʔ/ → /kʼoːʔ/

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɡɛr/
- Conventional anglicization: ger

Verb

2-lit.

(intransitive) to be(come) silent [Pyramid Texts to Late Period]
- c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.12–2.1:
  
  jmj pr rn.k jw gr.k m r(ꜣ).k njs.t(w).k
  Let your reputation emerge, even as you stay quiet with your mouth when you are summoned.
(intransitive) to be(come) calm, still, dispassionate [New Kingdom]

Inflection

Conjugation of gr (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: gr, geminated stem: grr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
gr	grw, gr	grt	gr, j.gr	gr, j.gr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
gr	ḥr gr	m gr	r gr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
aspect / mood	active	aspect / mood	active
perfect	gr.n	consecutive	gr.jn
terminative	grt	consecutive	gr.jn
perfective³	gr	obligative¹	gr.ḫr
imperfective	gr, j.gr¹	obligative¹	gr.ḫr
prospective³	gr	potentialis¹	gr.kꜣ
subjunctive	gr, j.gr¹	potentialis¹	gr.kꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
aspect / mood	active	active	passive
perfect	gr.n	—	—
perfective	gr	gr	grr, grrj⁶, gr², grw^{2 5}, gry^{2 5}
imperfective	j.gr¹, gr, gry, grw⁵	j.gr¹, j.grw^{1 5}, gr, grj⁶, gry⁶	gr, grw⁵
prospective	gr, grtj⁷	grtj⁴, grt⁴

¹ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
² Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
³ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
⁴ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .snj, plural .sn. ⁵ Only in the masculine singular.
⁶ Only in the masculine.
⁷ Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of gr

gr

[since the Middle Kingdom]

Derived terms

Descendants

Akhmimic Coptic: ϭⲟⲩ (čou)
Sahidic Coptic: ϭⲱ (čō)

Particle

enclitic

also, furthermore, moreover [Old Kingdom to early Middle Kingdom]

Usage notes

This particle can attach to a subject, a verb, or a particle (including the particle of negation nj); unlike the adverb grw, which is often written identically, it does not fall in the syntactic slot of an adverbial element at the end of a clause. In the early Middle Kingdom it fell out of use and was supplanted by grt.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of gr

jgr

[Old Kingdom]

Adverb

abbreviation of grw (“also, furthermore, any more”)

References

“gr (lemma ID 167750)” and “gr (lemma ID 167730)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 20, Web app version 2.5.0, ed. by Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning […] and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils […], 2004–23 April 2026
Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1931), Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 177–178.5, 179.9–180.7
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962), A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 290
James P[eter] Allen (2010), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 241.