calad

Old Irish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *kaletos. Cognate with Welsh caled.

Adjective

calad

1. hard

Inflection

o/ā-stem

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	calad	calad	calad
vocative	calaid* calad**
accusative	calad	calaid
genitive	calaid	cailte	calaid
dative	calad	calaid	calad
plural	masculine	feminine/neuter
nominative	calaid	cailtea
vocative	cailtiu cailtea†
accusative	cailtiu cailtea†
genitive	calad
dative	cailtib

*modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative
**modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative
† not when substantivized

Descendants

• Middle Irish: calad
  • Irish: caladh

Etymology 2

Possibly from Late Latin calatum, but more likely a substantive use of Etymology 1, i.e. solid land as opposed to the sea.

Noun

calad m

1. shore, port, landing

Declension

Masculine o-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	calad	caladL	calaidL
vocative	calaid	caladL	caladuH
accusative	caladN	caladL	caladuH
genitive	calaidL	calad	caladN
dative	caladL	caladaib	caladaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Middle Irish: calad
  • Irish: caladh, cala
    • → English: callow
  • Scottish Gaelic: cala, caladh

Mutation

Mutation of calad

radical	lenition	nasalization
calad	chalad	calad pronounced with /ɡ-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 calad”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Spanish

Verb

calad

1. second-person plural imperative of calar