brunir

See also: bruñir

French

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH-?

Proto-Germanic *brūnaz

Proto-West Germanic *brūn

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Germanic *-janą

Proto-West Germanic *-jan

Frankish *brūnijanbor.

Old French brunir

French brunir

Inherited from Middle French brunir, from Old French brunir (“to polish, make brown”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bʁy.niʁ/

• Audio (France (Toulouse)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Lyon)):

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• Audio (France (Somain)):

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Verb

brunir

1. to brown (to become brown)
2. to burnish (to polish gold or silver etc)

Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

Conjugation of brunir (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	simple	brunir
	compound	avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1	simple	brunissant /bʁy.ni.sɑ̃/
	compound	ayant + past participle
past participle		bruni /bʁy.ni/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle, on	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	brunis /bʁy.ni/	brunis /bʁy.ni/	brunit /bʁy.ni/	brunissons /bʁy.ni.sɔ̃/	brunissez /bʁy.ni.se/	brunissent /bʁy.nis/
	imperfect	brunissais /bʁy.ni.sɛ/	brunissais /bʁy.ni.sɛ/	brunissait /bʁy.ni.sɛ/	brunissions /bʁy.ni.sjɔ̃/	brunissiez /bʁy.ni.sje/	brunissaient /bʁy.ni.sɛ/
	past historic2	brunis /bʁy.ni/	brunis /bʁy.ni/	brunit /bʁy.ni/	brunîmes /bʁy.nim/	brunîtes /bʁy.nit/	brunirent /bʁy.niʁ/
	future	brunirai /bʁy.ni.ʁe/	bruniras /bʁy.ni.ʁa/	brunira /bʁy.ni.ʁa/	brunirons /bʁy.ni.ʁɔ̃/	brunirez /bʁy.ni.ʁe/	bruniront /bʁy.ni.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	brunirais /bʁy.ni.ʁɛ/	brunirais /bʁy.ni.ʁɛ/	brunirait /bʁy.ni.ʁɛ/	brunirions /bʁy.ni.ʁjɔ̃/	bruniriez /bʁy.ni.ʁje/	bruniraient /bʁy.ni.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior2	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	brunisse /bʁy.nis/	brunisses /bʁy.nis/	brunisse /bʁy.nis/	brunissions /bʁy.ni.sjɔ̃/	brunissiez /bʁy.ni.sje/	brunissent /bʁy.nis/
	imperfect2	brunisse /bʁy.nis/	brunisses /bʁy.nis/	brunît /bʁy.ni/	brunissions /bʁy.ni.sjɔ̃/	brunissiez /bʁy.ni.sje/	brunissent /bʁy.nis/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect2	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	brunis /bʁy.ni/	—	brunissons /bʁy.ni.sɔ̃/	brunissez /bʁy.ni.se/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way: past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Descendants

• → German: brünieren

Further reading

• “brunir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Old French

Alternative forms

• burnir

Etymology

Borrowed from Frankish *brūnijan (“to polish, make resplendent”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnijaną (“to decorate, tan”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz (“brown”).

Verb

brunir

1. to polish (of metal, to clean and make shiny)

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a second-group verb (ending in -ir, with an -iss- infix). Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of brunir (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)

		simple			compound
infinitive		brunir			avoir bruni
gerund		en brunissant			gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle		brunissant
past participle		bruni
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	il	nos	vos	il
simple tenses	present	brunis	brunis	brunist	brunissons	brunissez	brunissent
	imperfect	brunissoie, brunisseie	brunissoies, brunisseies	brunissoit, brunisseit	brunissiiens, brunissiens	brunissiiez, brunissiez	brunissoient, brunisseient
	preterite	bruni	brunis	bruni	brunimes	brunistes	brunirent
	future	brunirai	bruniras	brunira	brunirons	bruniroiz, brunireiz, brunirez	bruniront
	conditional	bruniroie, brunireie	bruniroies, brunireies	bruniroit, brunireit	bruniriiens, bruniriens	bruniriiez, bruniriez	bruniroient, brunireient
compound tenses	present perfect	present tense of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	preterite tense of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future tense of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que jo	que tu	qu’il	que nos	que vos	qu’il
simple tenses	present	brunisse	brunisses	brunisse	brunissons	brunissez	brunissent
	imperfect	brunisse	brunisses	brunist	brunissons, brunissiens	brunissoiz, brunissez, brunissiez	brunissent
compound tenses	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nos	vos	–
		—	brunis	—	brunissons	brunissez	—

Descendants

• → Italian: brunire
• Middle French: brunir
  • French: brunir
    • → German: brünieren
• → Middle English: burnysshen, burnischen
  • English: burnish

References

• Frédéric Godefroy (1880–1902), “brunir”, in Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX^e au XV^e siècle […], Paris: F[riedrich] Vieweg; Émile Bouillon, →OCLC.

Old Occitan

Etymology

Borrowed from Frankish *brūnijan.

Verb

brunir

1. to burnish

Descendants

• Catalan: brunyir
• → Old Galician-Portuguese: bronir
  • Portuguese: brunir
• → Old Spanish: brunnir
  • Spanish: bruñir

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese bronir, from Old Occitan brunir, from Frankish *brūnijan (“to polish, make resplendent”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnijaną (“to decorate, tan”), from *brūnaz (“brown”).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /bɾuˈni(ʁ)/ [bɾuˈni(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /bɾuˈni(ʁ)/ [bɾuˈni(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /bɾuˈni(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /bɾuˈni(ʁ)/ [bɾuˈni(χ)]
  • (Caipira) IPA^(key): /bɾuˈni(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /bɾuˈniɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /bɾuˈniɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /bɾuˈni.ɾi/

• Hyphenation: bru‧nir

Verb

brunir (first-person singular present bruno, first-person singular preterite bruni, past participle brunido)

1. to burnish

   Synonym: polir

2. to smooth

   Synonym: alisar

3. (Portugal) to iron (to unwrinkle clothes with an iron)

   Synonyms: engomar, passar

Conjugation

    Conjugation of brunir (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	brunir
Personal	brunir	brunires	brunir	brunirmos	brunirdes	brunirem
Gerund
	brunindo
Past participle
Masculine	brunido			brunidos
Feminine	brunida			brunidas
Indicative
Present	bruno	brunes	brune	brunimos	brunis	brunem
Imperfect	brunia	brunias	brunia	bruníamos	bruníeis	bruniam
Preterite	bruni	bruniste	bruniu	brunimos	brunistes	bruniram
Pluperfect	brunira	bruniras	brunira	bruníramos	bruníreis	bruniram
Future	brunirei	brunirás	brunirá	bruniremos	brunireis	brunirão
Conditional	bruniria	brunirias	bruniria	bruniríamos	bruniríeis	bruniriam
Subjunctive
Present	bruna	brunas	bruna	brunamos	brunais	brunam
Imperfect	brunisse	brunisses	brunisse	bruníssemos	brunísseis	brunissem
Future	brunir	brunires	brunir	brunirmos	brunirdes	brunirem
Imperative
Affirmative		brune	bruna	brunamos	bruni	brunam
Negative (não)		não brunas	não bruna	não brunamos	não brunais	não brunam

Further reading

• “brunir”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “brunir”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026