-ke
Dutch
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom earlier -ken, from Middle Dutch -ken, -kin, -kijn, from Old Dutch *-kīn, apparently representing Proto-West Germanic *-ukīn, a double diminutive, from *-uk + *-īn.
The standard Dutch -tje and its variants are derived from -ke(n) through palatalization. Cognate with German -chen, Low German -ken, English -kin, -ock.
Pronunciation
editAudio: (file)
Suffix
edit-ke n (plural -kes)
- (colloquial, Southern) synonym of -tje (“diminutive noun suffix”)
Estonian
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-ke (genitive -kese, partitive -kest)
- A noun suffix that builds (endearing) diminutives from nouns.
- kivi (stone) → kivike (a small stone)
Usage notes
editDiminutives can be stacked, yielding -kene, -keseke, -kesekene. The longer forms are rarely used, as they are used to further emphasize either on endearing or diminutive value.
Declension
edit| Declension of -ke (ÕS type 12/oluline, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ke | -kesed | |
| accusative | nom. | ||
| gen. | -kese | ||
| genitive | -keste | ||
| partitive | -kest | -kesi | |
| illative | -kesse -kesesse |
-kestesse -kesisse | |
| inessive | -keses | -kestes -kesis | |
| elative | -kesest | -kestest -kesist | |
| allative | -kesele | -kestele -kesile | |
| adessive | -kesel | -kestel -kesil | |
| ablative | -keselt | -kestelt -kesilt | |
| translative | -keseks | -kesteks -kesiks | |
| terminative | -keseni | -kesteni | |
| essive | -kesena | -kestena | |
| abessive | -keseta | -kesteta | |
| comitative | -kesega | -kestega | |
| Declension of -ke (ÕS type 10/soolane, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ke | -kesed | |
| accusative | nom. | ||
| gen. | -kese | ||
| genitive | -keste | ||
| partitive | -kest | -keseid | |
| illative | -kesesse | -kestesse -keseisse | |
| inessive | -keses | -kestes -keseis | |
| elative | -kesest | -kestest -keseist | |
| allative | -kesele | -kestele -keseile | |
| adessive | -kesel | -kestel -keseil | |
| ablative | -keselt | -kestelt -keseilt | |
| translative | -keseks | -kesteks -keseiks | |
| terminative | -keseni | -kesteni | |
| essive | -kesena | -kestena | |
| abessive | -keseta | -kesteta | |
| comitative | -kesega | -kestega | |
Derived terms
editFinnish
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ke
- Forms diminutive forms of nouns.
- Forms nouns from verbs, often to describe the result of an action.
- (rare) Forms nouns from adjectives.
Declension
edit| Inflection of -ke (Kotus type 48*A/hame, kk–k gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ke | -kkeet | |
| genitive | -kkeen | -kkeiden -kkeitten | |
| partitive | -ketta | -kkeita | |
| illative | -kkeeseen | -kkeisiin -kkeihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ke | -kkeet | |
| accusative | nom. | -ke | -kkeet |
| gen. | -kkeen | ||
| genitive | -kkeen | -kkeiden -kkeitten | |
| partitive | -ketta | -kkeita | |
| inessive | -kkeessa | -kkeissa | |
| elative | -kkeesta | -kkeista | |
| illative | -kkeeseen | -kkeisiin -kkeihin | |
| adessive | -kkeella | -kkeilla | |
| ablative | -kkeelta | -kkeilta | |
| allative | -kkeelle | -kkeille | |
| essive | -kkeena | -kkeina | |
| translative | -kkeeksi | -kkeiksi | |
| abessive | -kkeetta | -kkeitta | |
| instructive | — | -kkein | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -ke (Kotus type 48*A/hame, kk–k gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Inflection of -ke (Kotus type 48*A/hame, kk–k gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ke | -kkeet | |
| genitive | -kkeen | -kkeiden -kkeitten | |
| partitive | -kettä | -kkeitä | |
| illative | -kkeeseen | -kkeisiin -kkeihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ke | -kkeet | |
| accusative | nom. | -ke | -kkeet |
| gen. | -kkeen | ||
| genitive | -kkeen | -kkeiden -kkeitten | |
| partitive | -kettä | -kkeitä | |
| inessive | -kkeessä | -kkeissä | |
| elative | -kkeestä | -kkeistä | |
| illative | -kkeeseen | -kkeisiin -kkeihin | |
| adessive | -kkeellä | -kkeillä | |
| ablative | -kkeeltä | -kkeiltä | |
| allative | -kkeelle | -kkeille | |
| essive | -kkeenä | -kkeinä | |
| translative | -kkeeksi | -kkeiksi | |
| abessive | -kkeettä | -kkeittä | |
| instructive | — | -kkein | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -ke (Kotus type 48*A/hame, kk–k gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.
- Auli Hakulinen with Maria Vilkuna, Riitta Korhonen, Vesa Koivisto, Tarja Riitta Heinonen, and Irja Alho (2004), “§ 257 ke-sanojen koostumus ja merkitys”, in Iso suomen kielioppi[1], Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, →ISBN
Anagrams
editHungarian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka and Estonian -ke.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ke
- (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.
Usage notes
edit- (diminutive suffix) Variants:
- -ka is added to back-vowel words
- -ke is added to front-vowel words
Derived terms
editSee also
editIngrian
editEtymology
editFrom -kka + -e. Akin to Finnish -ke.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ke
- (rare, unproductive) Used to form nouns from adjectives.
Declension
edit(back-vocalic)
|
(front-vocalic)
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Derived terms
editJapanese
editRomanization
edit-ke
Lingala
editEtymology
editSee the Lingala adjective ke.
Adjective
edit-ke
Low German
editAlternative forms
edit- -ken (in other dialects)
Etymology
editFrom Middle Low German -eken, from Old Saxon *-ukīn, from Proto-West Germanic *-ukīn. Compare German -chen, Dutch -ke.
Suffix
edit-ke n (noun plural -kes) (Low Prussian)
- used to form the diminutive of nouns and hypocoristic forms of proper nouns and other parts of speech
- Brotke ― bread
- Anke ― Annie
- Gottke ― God
- kommke ― come (second-person singular present imperative, hypocoristic)
References
edit- Erhard Riemann (et al.), Preußisches Wörterbuch: deutsche Mundarten Ost- und Westpreußens (1974)
- A. Treichel, Dialectische Räthsel, Reime und Märchen aus dem Ermlande, in Altpreussische Monatsschrift neue Folge. Der Preussischen Provinzial-Blätter vierte Folge, volume 27 (1890), edited by Rudolf Reicke and Ernst Wichert, pp. 327–332; on p. 332:
- Aus Braunsberg wird mir noch gemeldet (Pfr. Preuschoff), daß dort und in der Umgegend die Verkleinerungs-Endsilbe -chen und -lein, erstere in -ke verplattdeutscht, überaus häufig und überall angehängt werden, wie z. B. Jacke! nêke! kommke! Ebenso an Personennamen. Man hört die Schulkinder ihren Gefährten also zurufen: Albrechtke, Ehmke, Eadmannke (Erdmannchen), Wulfke u. s. w.
- H. Frischbier, Preußisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und westpreußische Provinzialismen, volume 1, A–K (1882)
- H. Frischbier, Preußisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und westpreußische Provinzialismen, volume 2, L–Z (1883)
Middle English
editSuffix
edit-ke
- alternative form of -ken
Mohawk
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-North Iroquoian *-keh.
Suffix
edit-ke
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- Nora Deering; Helga H. Delisle (1976), Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 104
Nǀuu
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ke
- plural maker
References
edit- Sands, Bonny & Jones, Kerry & Esau, Katrina & Collins, Chris & Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena & Job, Sylvanus & Miller, Amanda & Steyn, Betta & Zaanen, Menno & Namaseb, Levi & Berg, Dietloff & Mantzel, Dotty & Damarah, Willem & Snyman, Claudia & Wyk, David & Brugman, Johanna & Exter, Mats & Vaalbooi, Antjie & Westhuizen, Mietjie. (2022). Nǀuuki Namagowab Afrikaans English ǂXoakiǂxanisi/Mîdi di ǂKhanis/Woordeboek/Dictionary
- Güldemann, Tom. “"Back to normal?" - ditransitives in the Tuu family.” (2007).
South Slavey
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ke
- Used to form collective nouns.
Usage notes
editDerived terms
editReferences
edit- Keren Rice (1989), A Grammar of Slave, Berlin, West Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 247
West Frisian
editAlternative forms
edit- -tsje after the consonants [l], [n], [t] and [d].
Etymology
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *-ikīn, *-ukīn. Cognate with Dutch -tje, French -quin German -chen, Old English -cen, and Old Norse -ki.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ke
- suffix forming diminutives from nouns
Usage notes
edit- This suffix is attached to a stem ending in a vowel or diphthong, or one of the consonants [m], [p], [f], [s], or [r].
References
edit- “-ke”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
Ye'kwana
edit| ALIV | -ke |
|---|---|
| Brazilian standard | -ke |
| New Tribes | -que |
Pronunciation
editEtymology 1
editAlternative forms
edit- -che (allomorph after i)
Suffix
edit-ke
- forms adverbs from nouns with a resulting meaning of ‘having X’, ‘with X’; must be accompanied by the prefix t- and can also follow a possessive suffix -i
Usage notes
editIt is unclear if t- -ke is best analyzed as an adverbializing circumfix or as a separate unspecified person prefix t- and adverbializing suffix -ke.
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit-ke
- only used in -kene (distant past imperfective suffix).
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editSuffix
edit-ke
- allomorph of -e (adverbializer) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k
References
edit- Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “-ke”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[2], Lyon, pages 150–151, 213–222
Zulu
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
edit-ke
Usage notes
editThe suffix is usually affixed to the first word of the sentence.
References
edit- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “-ke”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-ke”
- Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Dutch terms with audio pronunciation
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch suffixes
- Dutch noun-forming suffixes
- Dutch diminutive suffixes
- Dutch neuter suffixes
- Dutch colloquialisms
- Southern Dutch
- Estonian lemmas
- Estonian suffixes
- Estonian noun-forming suffixes
- Estonian diminutive suffixes
- Estonian oluline-type nominals
- Estonian soolane-type nominals
- Finnish terms suffixed with -e
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish suffixes
- Finnish noun-forming suffixes
- Finnish diminutive suffixes
- Finnish terms with rare senses
- Finnish hame-type nominals
- Hungarian terms inherited from Proto-Finno-Ugric
- Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/kɛ
- Rhymes:Hungarian/kɛ/1 syllable
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Hungarian diminutive suffixes
- Ingrian terms suffixed with -kka
- Ingrian terms suffixed with -e
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian suffixes
- Ingrian terms with rare senses
- Japanese non-lemma forms
- Japanese romanizations
- Lingala lemmas
- Lingala adjectives
- Low German terms inherited from Middle Low German
- Low German terms derived from Middle Low German
- Low German terms inherited from Old Saxon
- Low German terms derived from Old Saxon
- Low German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Low German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Low German lemmas
- Low German suffixes
- Low German diminutive suffixes
- Low German neuter suffixes
- Low Prussian
- Low German terms with usage examples
- Middle English alternative forms
- Mohawk terms inherited from Proto-North Iroquoian
- Mohawk terms derived from Proto-North Iroquoian
- Mohawk lemmas
- Mohawk suffixes
- Nǀuu terms with IPA pronunciation
- Nǀuu lemmas
- Nǀuu suffixes
- South Slavey terms with IPA pronunciation
- South Slavey lemmas
- South Slavey suffixes
- West Frisian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- West Frisian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- West Frisian terms with IPA pronunciation
- West Frisian lemmas
- West Frisian suffixes
- Ye'kwana terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ye'kwana lemmas
- Ye'kwana suffixes
- Zulu lemmas
- Zulu suffixes
- Zulu terms with usage examples
- Zulu modal particles