-io

See also: Appendix:Variations of "io"

Esperanto

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-yós

Proto-Italic *-ios

Old Latin -ios

Latin -ius

Latin -iader.

Esperanto -io

From Latin -ia in country names.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈio/
Rhymes: -io
Syllabification: i‧o

Suffix

-io

a place, usually a country, named after the root, whether that is a people, person, city, or river
‎andaluzo (“Andalusian”) + ‎-io → ‎Andaluzio (“Andalusia”)

‎Esperanto (“the Esperanto language”) + ‎-io → ‎Esperantio (“a notional Esperanto-speaking land”)

‎flandro (“Fleming”) + ‎-io → ‎Flandrio (“Flanders”)

‎japano (“a Japanese person”) + ‎-io → ‎Japanio (“Japan”)

‎Kaŭkazo (“the Caucasus Mountains”) + ‎-io → ‎Kaŭkazio (“the Caucasus (region)”)

‎Kolumbo (“Christopher Columbus”) + ‎-io → ‎Kolumbio (“Colombia”)

‎Niĝero (“the Niger River”) + ‎-io → ‎Niĝerio (“Nigeria”)

‎Novjorko (“New York City”) + ‎-io → ‎Novjorkio (“New York (state)”)

‎Romo (“Rome”) + ‎-io → ‎Romio (“the Roman Empire”)

‎ŝvabo (“Swabian”) + ‎-io → ‎Ŝvabio (“Swabia”)
a science named after its practitioner
‎astronomo (“astronomer”) + ‎-io → ‎astronomio (“astronomy”)

‎biologo (“biologist”) + ‎-io → ‎biologio (“biology”)

‎kirurgo (“surgeon”) + ‎-io → ‎kirurgio (“surgery (branch of medicine)”)
-ium; used to form the names of chemical elements
‎berilo (“beryl”) + ‎-io → ‎berilio (“beryllium”)

‎titano (“titan”) + ‎-io → ‎titanio (“titanium”)

‎Urano (“Uranus”) + ‎-io → ‎uranio (“uranium”)

Synonyms

(place): -ujo for places named after their inhabitants: Anglujo (“England”)
(place): lando is also sometimes used for places named after inhabitants: Svedlando = Svedio (“Sweden”)
(science): scienco is used like a suffix with root words to form names of some sciences: vulkanoscienco = vulkanologio (“volcanology”)

Derived terms

Finnish

Etymology

From multiple sources, including extraction from words derived with -o from verb stems ending in -i, as well as from earlier and still dialectal -i(j)o, from -ja-i (for labial ai > o, compare plural forms of kala-type nouns), from -ja + -i.

Suffix

-io (front vowel harmony variant -iö, linguistic notation -iO)

Forms nouns from verbs or verbal stems.
‎itää (“to sprout”) + ‎-io → ‎itiö (“spore (of e.g. mushroom, moss)”)

‎valita (“to choose”) + ‎-io → ‎valio (“elite, select”)
Forms nouns from other nouns, adjectives, numbers or their stems.
‎yksi (“one”) + ‎-io → ‎yksiö (“a one-room apartment”)

‎kolme (“three”) + ‎-io → ‎kolmio (“a triangle; a yield sign”)

‎neljä (“four”) + ‎-io → ‎neliö (“a square”); shorter form for a square meter

Declension

Inflection of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation)
nominative		-io	-iot
genitive		-ion	-ioiden -ioitten
partitive		-iota	-ioita
illative		-ioon	-ioihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-io	-iot
accusative	nom.	-io	-iot
accusative	gen.	-ion	-iot
genitive		-ion	-ioiden -ioitten
partitive		-iota	-ioita
inessive		-iossa	-ioissa
elative		-iosta	-ioista
illative		-ioon	-ioihin
adessive		-iolla	-ioilla
ablative		-iolta	-ioilta
allative		-iolle	-ioille
essive		-iona	-ioina
translative		-ioksi	-ioiksi
abessive		-iotta	-ioitta
instructive		—	-ioin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-ioni	-ioni
accusative	nom.	-ioni	-ioni
accusative	gen.	-ioni	-ioni
genitive		-ioni	-ioideni -ioitteni
partitive		-iotani	-ioitani
inessive		-iossani	-ioissani
elative		-iostani	-ioistani
illative		-iooni	-ioihini
adessive		-iollani	-ioillani
ablative		-ioltani	-ioiltani
allative		-iolleni	-ioilleni
essive		-ionani	-ioinani
translative		-iokseni	-ioikseni
abessive		-iottani	-ioittani
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-ioineni

second-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-iosi	-iosi
accusative	nom.	-iosi	-iosi
accusative	gen.	-iosi	-iosi
genitive		-iosi	-ioidesi -ioittesi
partitive		-iotasi	-ioitasi
inessive		-iossasi	-ioissasi
elative		-iostasi	-ioistasi
illative		-ioosi	-ioihisi
adessive		-iollasi	-ioillasi
ablative		-ioltasi	-ioiltasi
allative		-iollesi	-ioillesi
essive		-ionasi	-ioinasi
translative		-ioksesi	-ioiksesi
abessive		-iottasi	-ioittasi
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-ioinesi

first-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-iomme	-iomme
accusative	nom.	-iomme	-iomme
accusative	gen.	-iomme	-iomme
genitive		-iomme	-ioidemme -ioittemme
partitive		-iotamme	-ioitamme
inessive		-iossamme	-ioissamme
elative		-iostamme	-ioistamme
illative		-ioomme	-ioihimme
adessive		-iollamme	-ioillamme
ablative		-ioltamme	-ioiltamme
allative		-iollemme	-ioillemme
essive		-ionamme	-ioinamme
translative		-ioksemme	-ioiksemme
abessive		-iottamme	-ioittamme
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-ioinemme

second-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-ionne	-ionne
accusative	nom.	-ionne	-ionne
accusative	gen.	-ionne	-ionne
genitive		-ionne	-ioidenne -ioittenne
partitive		-iotanne	-ioitanne
inessive		-iossanne	-ioissanne
elative		-iostanne	-ioistanne
illative		-ioonne	-ioihinne
adessive		-iollanne	-ioillanne
ablative		-ioltanne	-ioiltanne
allative		-iollenne	-ioillenne
essive		-ionanne	-ioinanne
translative		-ioksenne	-ioiksenne
abessive		-iottanne	-ioittanne
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-ioinenne

third-person possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-ionsa	-ionsa
accusative	nom.	-ionsa	-ionsa
accusative	gen.	-ionsa	-ionsa
genitive		-ionsa	-ioidensa -ioittensa
partitive		-iotaan -iotansa	-ioitaan -ioitansa
inessive		-iossaan -iossansa	-ioissaan -ioissansa
elative		-iostaan -iostansa	-ioistaan -ioistansa
illative		-ioonsa	-ioihinsa
adessive		-iollaan -iollansa	-ioillaan -ioillansa
ablative		-ioltaan -ioltansa	-ioiltaan -ioiltansa
allative		-iolleen -iollensa	-ioilleen -ioillensa
essive		-ionaan -ionansa	-ioinaan -ioinansa
translative		-iokseen -ioksensa	-ioikseen -ioiksensa
abessive		-iottaan -iottansa	-ioittaan -ioittansa
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-ioineen -ioinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -io

Anagrams

oi

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from English -ia, French -ie, Italian -ia, Russian -ия (-ija), Spanish -ia, ultimately from Latin -ia, from Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).

Suffix

-io

suffix denoting the country, region, domain, territory or province dependent upon the authority of a person
‎duko (“duke; duchess”) + ‎-io → ‎dukio (“duchy”)

‎episkopo (“bishop”) + ‎-io → ‎episkopio (“bishopric, diocese, episcopate”)

‎paroko (“parish priest, rector”) + ‎-io → ‎parokio (“parish”)

‎rejo (“sovereign, ruler, king, queen, monarch”) + ‎-io → ‎rejio (“kingdom”)

Usage notes

A common but false misconception is that countries that end with -ia in Ido, for example Albania, use this suffix when in fact it's part of the root itself. Though, -io at times can help shape country names to fit; Mexikia uses the extra i so not to be confused with Mexiko (“Mexico City”) at the same time resembling other country names.

Derived terms

Ido terms suffixed with -io

Italian

Etymology 1

Unknown. Perhaps from Latin -ērium.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈi.o/
Rhymes: -io
Hyphenation: -ì‧o

Suffix

-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ii)

used with verb roots to derive nouns with durative, intensive or frequentative connotation; -le

Derived terms

Italian terms suffixed with -io (frequentative)

Etymology 2

From Latin -īvus.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈi.o/
Rhymes: -io
Hyphenation: -ì‧o

Suffix

-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ii, feminine plural -ie)
-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ii)

alternative form of -ivo

Derived terms

Italian terms suffixed with -io (ivo)

solatio

stantio

Etymology 3

From Latin -ius.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
Rhymes: -io
Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o

Suffix

-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -i or -ii, feminine plural -ie)

added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning “having the quality of”; -y

Derived terms

Category Italian terms suffixed with -io (quality of) not found

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jo/ (stressed on the preceding syllable)
Hyphenation: -io

Suffix

-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i)

(uncommon) used with verb roots to derive simple deverbal nouns
Synonym: (more common) -o

‎sgravàre (“to relieve, to lighten”) + ‎-io → ‎sgràvio (“relief, lightening”)

Derived terms

Category Italian terms suffixed with -io (deverbal) not found

Etymology 5

Borrowed from New Latin -ium.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
Rhymes: -io
Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o

Suffix

-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i or -ii)

forms the name of chemical elements; -ium

Derived terms

Italian terms suffixed with -io (chemical element)

Etymology 6

From Latin -īvit via Vulgar Latin -īut.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jo/, /ˈi.o/
Rhymes: -io
Hyphenation: -io, -ì‧o

Suffix

-io (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

(Romanesco, archaic, Dantesque) used with a stem to form the third-person singular past historic of regular -ire verbs
(Romanesco, dated) used with a stem to form the simple past of verbs
...E poi annamio ar negozio a venne
...And then we used to go to the shop to sell

Indove annavio?
Where were you going?

Derived terms

Latin

Etymology 1

Suffix -ō on i-stems.

Suffix

-iō f (genitive -iōnis); third declension

Used to form abstract nouns from verbs.
Synonyms: -tiō, -tus, -ium

‎obsideō (“to remain; to besiege”, verb) + ‎-io → ‎obsidiō f (“siege, blockade”)

‎opīnor (“to suppose, deem, opine”, verb) + ‎-io → ‎opīniō f (“opinion, conjecture; reputation; report”)

Usage notes

Relatively unproductive in historical Latin.

Declension

Third-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	-iō	-iōnēs
genitive	-iōnis	-iōnum
dative	-iōnī	-iōnibus
accusative	-iōnem	-iōnēs
ablative	-iōne	-iōnibus
vocative	-iō	-iōnēs

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-ōder.

Proto-Indo-European *-Hōder.?

Latin -ō

Latin -io

Extension of -ō (possibly by rebracketing).

Suffix

-iō m (genitive -iōnis); third declension

forms animate nouns of various meanings, often colloquial or pejorative
1. forms nouns designating a type of person
  1. attached to noun stems, forms nouns referring to a related profession
    Synonyms: -ārius, -ō
    
    ‎libellus (“booklet”) + ‎-iō → ‎libelliō m (“notary; bookdealer”)
    
    ‎lūdus (“performance, stage play”) + ‎-iō → ‎lūdiō m (“stage performer”)
    
    ‎mūlus (“mule”) + ‎-iō → ‎mūliō m (“mule-driver”)
  2. (rare) attached to verb stems, forms agent nouns
    Synonyms: -ō, -a¹, -tor
    
    ‎lēx (“law”) + ‎rumpō (“break”) + ‎-iō → ‎lēgirupiō m (“law-breaker”)
2. also forms names, especially cognomina.
  Synonyms: -ō, -a¹
  
  ‎glaber (“smooth, hairless”) + ‎-iō → ‎Glabriō (“a Roman cognomen”)
  
  ‎ursus (“bear”) + ‎-iō → ‎Ursiō (“a Roman cognomen”)
3. attached to noun stems, forms a diminutive or similar derived noun
  ‎caballus (“horse”) + ‎-iō → ‎caballiō m (“pony”)
  
  ‎porcellus (“little pig”) + ‎-iō → ‎porcelliō m (“woodlouse”)
Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms certain nouns designating things; often described as a kind of diminutive.

Usage notes

Personal appellations ending in -iō appear to have often had a derogatory or pejorative shade of meaning, which in some cases resulted in a sense near that of a diminutive, as in the case of homunciō.^[1]

Declension

Third-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	-iō	-iōnēs
genitive	-iōnis	-iōnum
dative	-iōnī	-iōnibus
accusative	-iōnem	-iōnēs
ablative	-iōne	-iōnibus
vocative	-iō	-iōnēs

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -io (inanimate noun)

Etymology 3

From -i-ō. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yeti.

Suffix

-iō (present infinitive -iāre, perfect active -iāvī, supine -iātum); first conjugation

Used to form factitive verbs from adjectives.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -iō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	-iō	-iās		-iat	-iāmus	-iātis		-iant
	imperfect	-iābam	-iābās		-iābat	-iābāmus	-iābātis		-iābant
	future	-iābō	-iābis		-iābit	-iābimus	-iābitis		-iābunt
	perfect	-iāvī	-iāvistī		-iāvit	-iāvimus	-iāvistis		-iāvērunt, -iāvēre
	pluperfect	-iāveram	-iāverās		-iāverat	-iāverāmus	-iāverātis		-iāverant
	future perfect	-iāverō	-iāveris		-iāverit	-iāverimus	-iāveritis		-iāverint
	sigmatic future¹	-iāssō	-iāssis		-iāssit	-iāssimus	-iāssitis		-iāssint
passive	present	-ior	-iāris, -iāre		-iātur	-iāmur	-iāminī		-iantur
	imperfect	-iābar	-iābāris, -iābāre		-iābātur	-iābāmur	-iābāminī		-iābantur
	future	-iābor	-iāberis, -iābere		-iābitur	-iābimur	-iābiminī		-iābuntur
	perfect	-iātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-iātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-iātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	-iem	-iēs		-iet	-iēmus	-iētis		-ient
	imperfect	-iārem	-iārēs		-iāret	-iārēmus	-iārētis		-iārent
	perfect	-iāverim	-iāverīs		-iāverit	-iāverīmus	-iāverītis		-iāverint
	pluperfect	-iāvissem	-iāvissēs		-iāvisset	-iāvissēmus	-iāvissētis		-iāvissent
	sigmatic aorist¹	-iāssim	-iāssīs		-iāssīt	-iāssīmus	-iāssītis		-iāssint
passive	present	-ier	-iēris, -iēre		-iētur	-iēmur	-iēminī		-ientur
	imperfect	-iārer	-iārēris, -iārēre		-iārētur	-iārēmur	-iārēminī		-iārentur
	perfect	-iātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-iātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	-iā		—	—	-iāte		—
active	future	—	-iātō		-iātō	—	-iātōte		-iantō
passive	present	—	-iāre		—	—	-iāminī		—
passive	future	—	-iātor		-iātor	—	—		-iantor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		-iāre		-iārī, -iārier²		-iāns		—
future		-iātūrum esse		-iātum īrī		-iātūrus		-iandus
perfect		-iāvisse		-iātum esse		—		-iātus
future perfect		—		-iātum fore		—		—
perfect potential		-iātūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		-iandī	-iandō		-iandum	-iandō	-iātum		-iātū

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
²The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -io (causative)

Etymology 4

From Proto-Italic *-jō, from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (first person singular: *-yóh₂) after a consonant.

Suffix

-iō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third (-iō variant) conjugation

Used to form some irregular third conjugation verbs.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -iō (third (-iō variant) conjugation)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	-iō	-is		-it	-imus	-itis		-iunt
	imperfect	-iēbam	-iēbās		-iēbat	-iēbāmus	-iēbātis		-iēbant
	future	-iam	-iēs		-iet	-iēmus	-iētis		-ient
	perfect	-ī	-istī		-it	-imus	-istis		-ērunt, -ēre
	pluperfect	-eram	-erās		-erat	-erāmus	-erātis		-erant
	future perfect	-erō	-eris		-erit	-erimus	-eritis		-erint
	sigmatic future¹	-ō	-is		-it	-imus	-itis		-int
passive	present	-ior	-eris, -ere		-itur	-imur	-iminī		-iuntur
	imperfect	-iēbar	-iēbāris, -iēbāre		-iēbātur	-iēbāmur	-iēbāminī		-iēbantur
	future	-iar	-iēris, -iēre		-iētur	-iēmur	-iēminī		-ientur
	perfect	-us + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-us + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-us + future active indicative of sum
	sigmatic future¹	-or	-eris		-itur	—	—		—
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	-iam	-iās		-iat	-iāmus	-iātis		-iant
	imperfect	-erem	-erēs		-eret	-erēmus	-erētis		-erent
	perfect	-erim	-erīs		-erit	-erīmus	-erītis		-erint
	pluperfect	-issem	-issēs		-isset	-issēmus	-issētis		-issent
	sigmatic aorist¹	-im	-īs		-īt	-īmus	-ītis		-int
passive	present	-iar	-iāris, -iāre		-iātur	-iāmur	-iāminī		-iantur
	imperfect	-erer	-erēris, -erēre		-erētur	-erēmur	-erēminī		-erentur
	perfect	-us + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	-e		—	—	-ite		—
active	future	—	-itō		-itō	—	-itōte		-iuntō
passive	present	—	-ere		—	—	-iminī		—
passive	future	—	-itor		-itor	—	—		-iuntor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		-ere		-ī		-iēns		—
future		-ūrum esse		-um īrī		-ūrus		-iendus, -iundus
perfect		-isse		-um esse		—		-us
future perfect		—		-um fore		—		—
perfect potential		-ūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		-iendī	-iendō		-iendum	-iendō	-um		-ū

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

Etymology 5

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (denominative suffix). The question of how it came to be differentiated from third-conjugation -iō, -ere still debated. Vine 2012 derives denominatives such as serviō from *serw-e-yé/ó- (with the thematic vowel *-e- before the suffix), proposing that unaccented Proto-Indo-European *-e- came to be assimilated in Italic to an immediately following *-y-.^[2] Alternative explanations include an Italic version of Sievers's law (that is, a prosodically conditioned development of postconsonantal *-y-* to *-iy- in certain contexts) or combination of the suffix with stems ending in *-i-. Some verbs may be derived from backformation from adjectives ending in -ītus, such as igniō, whose finite forms are attested later than ignītus (“fiery, glowing”).^[3]

Suffix

-iō (present infinitive -īre, perfect active -īvī or -iī, supine -ītum); fourth conjugation

Used to form fourth conjugation verbs.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -iō (fourth conjugation)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	-iō	-īs		-it	-īmus	-ītis		-iunt
	imperfect	-iēbam	-iēbās		-iēbat	-iēbāmus	-iēbātis		-iēbant
	future	-iam	-iēs		-iet	-iēmus	-iētis		-ient
	perfect	-īvī, -iī	-īvistī, -iistī		-īvit, -iit	-īvimus, -iimus	-īvistis, -iistis		-īvērunt, -īvēre, -iērunt, -iēre
	pluperfect	-īveram, -ieram	-īverās, -ierās		-īverat, -ierat	-īverāmus, -ierāmus	-īverātis, -ierātis		-īverant, -ierant
	future perfect	-īverō, -ierō	-īveris, -ieris		-īverit, -ierit	-īverimus, -ierimus	-īveritis, -ieritis		-īverint, -ierint
	sigmatic future¹	-īssō	-īssis		-īssit	-īssimus	-īssitis		-īssint
passive	present	-ior	-īris, -īre		-ītur	-īmur	-īminī		-iuntur
	imperfect	-iēbar	-iēbāris, -iēbāre		-iēbātur	-iēbāmur	-iēbāminī		-iēbantur
	future	-iar	-iēris, -iēre		-iētur	-iēmur	-iēminī		-ientur
	perfect	-ītus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-ītus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-ītus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	-iam	-iās		-iat	-iāmus	-iātis		-iant
	imperfect	-īrem	-īrēs		-īret	-īrēmus	-īrētis		-īrent
	perfect	-īverim, -ierim	-īverīs, -ierīs		-īverit, -ierit	-īverīmus, -ierīmus	-īverītis, -ierītis		-īverint, -ierint
	pluperfect	-īvissem, -iissem	-īvissēs, -iissēs		-īvisset, -iisset	-īvissēmus, -iissēmus	-īvissētis, -iissētis		-īvissent, -iissent
	sigmatic aorist¹	-īssim	-īssīs		-īssīt	-īssīmus	-īssītis		-īssint
passive	present	-iar	-iāris, -iāre		-iātur	-iāmur	-iāminī		-iantur
	imperfect	-īrer	-īrēris, -īrēre		-īrētur	-īrēmur	-īrēminī		-īrentur
	perfect	-ītus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-ītus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	-ī		—	—	-īte		—
active	future	—	-ītō		-ītō	—	-ītōte		-iuntō
passive	present	—	-īre		—	—	-īminī		—
passive	future	—	-ītor		-ītor	—	—		-iuntor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		-īre		-īrī		-iēns		—
future		-ītūrum esse		-ītum īrī		-ītūrus		-iendus, -iundus
perfect		-īvisse, -iisse		-ītum esse		—		-ītus
future perfect		—		-ītum fore		—		—
perfect potential		-ītūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		-iendī	-iendō		-iendum	-iendō	-ītum		-ītū

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

Derived terms

Descendants

(from infinitive -īre:)

Asturian: -ir
Catalan: -ir
Friulian: -î
Galician: -ir
Italian: -ire
Occitan: -ir
Old French: -ir
- French: -ir
Portuguese: -ir
Romanian: -i, -î
Spanish: -ir

References

^ Petersen, Walter, 1910. Greek diminutives in -ION; a study in semantics, pages 194-195
^ Vine, Brent (2012), “PIE mobile accent in Italic: Further evidence”, in Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen, and Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, editors, The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, phonemics, and morphophonemics, Museum Tusculanum Press
^ Ernout, Alfred; Meillet, Antoine (1985), “ignis”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots‎^[1] (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections of Jacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published 2001, page 308

Old Spanish

Etymology

From Latin -ium, from the adjectival suffix -ius.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈ-io/

Suffix

-io

(added to nouns) A suffix forming abstract nouns.
‎sennor (“lord, master”) + ‎-io → ‎sennorio (“dominion, jurisdiction”)

Derived terms

Old Spanish terms suffixed with -io

poderio

sennorio

Descendants

Spanish: -ío

Portuguese

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese -io, from Latin -īvus. Doublet of -ivo.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈi.u/, /ˈiw/ [ˈiʊ̯]

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈi.u/

Suffix

-io (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ia, masculine plural -ios, feminine plural -ias)

-ive; -y (forms adjectives from verbs, indicating a tendency or inclination)
‎escorregar (“to slip”) + ‎-io → ‎escorregadio (“slippery”)

‎arredar (“to withdraw from”) + ‎-io → ‎arredio (“withdrawn, solitary”)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈi.u/, /ˈiw/ [ˈiʊ̯]

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈi.u/

Suffix

-io m (noun-forming suffix, uncountable)

(informal) forms collectives
‎mulher (“woman”) + ‎-io → ‎mulherio (“a bunch of women”)

Etymology 3

Suffix

-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)

(chemistry) -ium (forms the names of chemical elements and isotopes)

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈiw/ [ˈiʊ̯]

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈiw/

Suffix

-io

obsolete spelling of -iu

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from New Latin -ium, from Latin -um, based on Latin terms for metals, such as ferrum (“iron”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-jo/
Syllabification: -io

Suffix

-io m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ios)

-ium

Derived terms

Welsh

Etymology

Variant of -o, initially after a stem that contained /j/ (for Brythonic /ɣ/ or from palatalization after a diphthong), later extended to other verb stems.