3459. Length of Longest V-Shaped Diagonal Segment

3459. Length of Longest V-Shaped Diagonal Segment

Difficulty: Hard

Topics: Array, Dynamic Programming, Memoization, Matrix, Weekly Contest 437

You are given a 2D integer matrix grid of size n x m, where each element is either `0, 1, or 2.

A V-shaped diagonal segment is defined as:

• The segment starts with 1.
• The subsequent elements follow this infinite sequence: 2, 0, 2, 0, ....
• The segment:
  • Starts along a diagonal direction (top-left to bottom-right, bottom-right to top-left, top-right to bottom-left, or bottom-left to top-right).
  • Continues the sequence in the same diagonal direction.
  • Makes at most one clockwise 90-degree turn to another diagonal direction while maintaining the sequence. Return the length of the longest V-shaped diagonal segment. If no valid segment exists, return 0.

Example 1:

• Input: grid = [[2,2,1,2,2],[2,0,2,2,0],[2,0,1,1,0],[1,0,2,2,2],[2,0,0,2,2]]
• Output: 5
• Explanation:

The longest V-shaped diagonal segment has a length of 5 and follows these coordinates: (0,2) → (1,3) → (2,4), takes a 90-degree clockwise turn at (2,4), and continues as (3,3) → (4,2).

Example 2:

• Input: grid = [[2,2,2,2,2],[2,0,2,2,0],[2,0,1,1,0],[1,0,2,2,2],[2,0,0,2,2]]
• Output: 4
• Explanation:

The longest V-shaped diagonal segment has a length of 4 and follows these coordinates: (2,3) → (3,2), takes a 90-degree clockwise turn at (3,2), and continues as (2,1) → (1,0).

Example 3:

• Input: grid = [[1,2,2,2,2],[2,2,2,2,0],[2,0,0,0,0],[0,0,2,2,2],[2,0,0,2,0]]
• Output: 5
• Explanation:

The longest V-shaped diagonal segment has a length of 5 and follows these coordinates: (0,0) → (1,1) → (2,2) → (3,3) → (4,4).

Example 4:

• Input: grid = [[1]]
• Output: 1

Constraints:

• n == grid.length
• m == grid[i].length
• 1 <= n, m <= 500
• grid[i][j] is either 0, 1 or 2.

Hint:

1. Use dynamic programming to determine the best point to make a 90-degree rotation in the diagonal path while maintaining the required sequence.
2. Represent dynamic programming states as (row, col, currentDirection, hasMadeTurnYet)`. Track the current position, direction of traversal, and whether a turn has already been made, and take transitions accordingly to find the longest V-shaped diagonal segment.

Solution:

We need to find the longest V-shaped diagonal segment in a 2D grid where the segment starts with 1, followed by the sequence 2, 0, 2, 0, etc., and can make at most one clockwise 90-degree turn. The solution involves using dynamic programming to precompute the lengths of valid segments in all four diagonal directions both with and without turns.

Approach

1. Direction Definitions: Define the four diagonal directions as (1,1), (1,-1), (-1,-1), and (-1,1).
2. Dynamic Programming Arrays: Initialize two 3D arrays, dp and rev_dp, of dimensions 4 x n x m. The dp array stores the lengths of segments starting from each cell in each direction without any turns. The rev_dp array stores the lengths of segments that can continue from each cell in each direction without breaking the sequence.
3. Compute dp Array: For each direction, compute the segment lengths by checking if the current cell starts a new segment (value 1) or continues a segment from the previous cell in the same direction, ensuring the sequence is maintained.
4. Compute rev_dp Array: For each direction, compute the segment lengths in reverse order, checking if the next cell in the direction matches the expected value in the sequence.
5. Find Longest Segment: Iterate over each cell and direction. Update the answer with the length of segments without turns. For each cell, check if a clockwise turn can be made to the next direction. If the next cell in the turned direction matches the expected value, update the answer with the combined length of the segment before the turn and the segment after the turn.

Let's implement this solution in PHP: 3459. Length of Longest V-Shaped Diagonal Segment

``

<?php
/**
 * @param Integer[][] $grid
 * @return Integer
 */
function lenOfVDiagonal($grid) {
    ...
    ...
    ...
    /**
     * go to ./solution.php
     */
}

/**
 * @param $v
 * @return int
 */
function nextValue($v) {
    ...
    ...
    ...
    /**
     * go to ./solution.php
     */
}

// Test cases
$grid1 = [[2,2,1,2,2],[2,0,2,2,0],[2,0,1,1,0],[1,0,2,2,2],[2,0,0,2,2]];
echo lenOfVDiagonal($grid1); // Output: 5

$grid2 = [[2,2,2,2,2],[2,0,2,2,0],[2,0,1,1,0],[1,0,2,2,2],[2,0,0,2,2]];
echo lenOfVDiagonal($grid2); // Output: 4

$grid3 = [[1,2,2,2,2],[2,2,2,2,0],[2,0,0,0,0],[0,0,2,2,2],[2,0,0,2,0]];
echo lenOfVDiagonal($grid3); // Output: 5

$grid4 = [[1]];
echo lenOfVDiagonal($grid4); // Output: 1
?>

``

Explanation:

1. Initialization: The code initializes two 3D arrays, dp and rev_dp, to store segment lengths for each cell and direction.
2. DP Calculation: For each direction, the dp array is computed by checking if the current cell continues a valid segment from the previous cell in the same direction, maintaining the sequence pattern.
3. Reverse DP Calculation: The rev_dp array is computed in reverse order for each direction, checking if the next cell in the direction continues the sequence from the current cell.
4. Answer Calculation: The code iterates over each cell and direction, updating the answer with the longest segment found without a turn. For each cell, it checks if a clockwise turn can be made, and if so, combines the segment before the turn with the segment after the turn to update the answer.
5. Helper Function: The nextValue function returns the next expected value in the sequence given the current value.

This approach efficiently computes the longest V-shaped diagonal segment by leveraging dynamic programming to explore all possible segments and turns, ensuring optimal performance even for large grids.

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