Evaluation of Efficacy of Pharmacotherapy Treatment of COVID-19 Infection Using Oral Levamisole and Formoterol+Budesonide Inhaler and Comparison of This Treatment Protocol With Standard National Treatment of the Disease

Afazeli et al., NCT04331470, NCT04331470, May 2020

27th treatment shown to reduce risk in September 2021, now with p = 0.000003 from 15 studies, recognized in 10 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, ICU, hospitalization, progression, recovery, and cases.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.

6,600+ studies for 220+ treatments. c19early.org

Meta-analysis

Estimated 30 patient budesonide early treatment RCT with results not reported over 6 years after estimated completion.

4 budesonide RCTs have results missing long after expected1-4
The trials report a total of 916 patients, with 1 trial having actual enrollment of 146, and the remainder estimated.

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

1. Marcy et al., Early Treatment of Vulnerable Individuals With Non-Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Multi-Arm Multi-Stage Randomized Trial (MAMS) to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Several Specific Treatments in Reducing the Risk of Clinical Worsening or Death in Sub-Saharan Africa (COVERAGE-Africa), NCT04920838, clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04920838clinicaltrials.gov.

2. Korea United Pharm., A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of UI030 in COVID-19 Patients, NCT05055414, clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05055414clinicaltrials.gov.

3. Taille et al., Protective Role of Inhaled Steroids for Covid-19 Infection, NCT04331054, clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04331054clinicaltrials.gov.

4. Afazeli et al., Evaluation of Efficacy of Pharmacotherapy Treatment of COVID-19 Infection Using Oral Levamisole and Formoterol+Budesonide Inhaler and Comparison of This Treatment Protocol With Standard National Treatment of the Disease, NCT04331470, clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04331470clinicaltrials.gov.

Afazeli et al., 20 May 2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Iran, trial NCT04331470 (history). Contact: Dr.afazeli@gmail.com, farjam.md@gmail.com, info@fums.ac.ir.