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The first official world chess champion was Wilhelm Steinetz, from Austria, who defeated the German Zukertort to win the title in 1886. By the end of his life Steinetz was a raving lunatic, unable to accept that he was no longer world champion. He died penniless and insane, a fate shared by to many champions of the worlds greatest game.
"Chess is life."
The next champion was the German Emanual Lasker, who reigned for 27 years before he was defeated by the much younger Cuban, Jose R. Capablanca in 1921. In 1927 Capablanca, being perhaps overconfident in his phenomenal powers, lost a world championship match against Alexander Alekhine in 1927. Alekhine was Russian. He was the first in a long string of Russian/Soviet world champs.
"The Russians have fixed chess."
Alekihine retained the championship until 1935, when he unexpectedly (due perhaps to excessive flirtation with vodka during the match) lost a match to the Dutchman Max Euwe. However, in 1937 Alekhine regained his title in a return match. Alekhine loved cats. His cat was named "chess."
When Alekhine died in 1946 the chess kings throne was empty. A great tournament was held to decide the next world champion. This tournament was won by Mikhail Botvinnik, Russian. The Next World champ was Smyslov, Russian, then Tal (Lativian, USSR), then Petrosian, Armenian (USSR), Then Spassky, Russian, who remained champion until the highly publicized "Match of the century" in 1972. This match was viewed in millions of homes worldwide, including the United States, a country that is well known to be rather ignorant of chess culture.
"I like to feel the other fellows ego break."
It was 1956. By this time The World Championship had been exclusively owned by Russians/Soviets since 1927, save for the Euwe "fluke" against the drunken Alekhine.
Not only was the chess king Soviet, but all of the serious challengers were Soviets as well. Russia was capable of playing a 20 board match against all other countries combined and winning it!
However, the transcript of a game arrived in Moscow in 1956 that must have sent shock waves through the elite Soviet Grandmasters. A beautiful game score came from across the sea, fresh from America. The game featured a dazzling Queen sacrifice, that had obviously been prepared many moves before it was actually played, and extended many moves after it was launched. It was a game that showed incredible foresight and imagination. International Master Hans Kmoch dubbed it, "The game of the century." The player who lost the game of the century was also an International Master, Donald Byrne. The player who won it was a little known chess master from New York City. His name was Robert Fischer. He was 13 years old!
" You gotta give squares to get squares!"
The following year "Bobby" Fischer won his first U.S. championship in his first attempt, at the amazing age of 14, competing against many players who had been competing at the highest level in U.S. chess for longer than Fischer had even been alive, including a handful of Grandmasters.
Fischer dominated U.S. chess for the next 14 years, winning 8 U.S. championships in 8 attempts. He also competed in the greatest of the international competitions and by 1964, at the age of 21, he was already widely considered to be the worlds best player, though he didn't get a crack at the official title until 1972, the "Match of the century."
"The greatest chess masters in history are unquestionably Alekhine and myself."
In 1972 Boris Spassky and Bobby Fischer squared off in Reykjavik Iceland.
"Genius. It's a word. If I win I'm a genius. If I don't, I'm not."
Fischer won, despite the fact that he was alone against the might of the Soviet sporting authority. Spassky had many world class Soviet Grandmasters who were paid by the authorities to reveal their opening secrets to Spassky, and to assist him throughout the match. Fischer became the 11th World chess champion.
"All I want to do, ever, is just play chess."
After winning the championship in the prime of his life, Fischer never again played serious chess, except for a 1992 "return match" against the aging Spassky, for millions of dollars. A match was arranged in 1975 between him and Anatoly Karpov, the next great Soviet chess genius in the long line of them. However, the soviets refused to agree with Fischers match demands, not wanting to seem weak before the match, or perhaps sensing that Fischers delicate psychology would be unable to withstand the tension of the unending negotiations. Fischer wouldn't budge on his demands, wouldn't play under the current match conditions. Eventually the world governing body of chess voted to forfeit his championship title to Karpov without a match.
"I will punish the chess world. They will never again see any of my games."
Bobby Fischer died last night.
As I sat here at the chess center writing this Isay Golyak, a 75 year old chess master came up to me and put a hand on my shoulder. Isay is originally from Leningrad. He moved to the U.S. 10 years ago. He said to me,
"Today I cry. Today Igor cry. A great...genius has died. Maybe he was not...great citizen of U.S., but..."
I will tell you a secret. When I have a new chess student to teach the first question I ask them is, "How many squares are there on a chess board?"
Bobby Fischer is dead at the age of 64.
Below is a list of famous Grandmasters reactions to His passing.
Viktor Kortchnoi: "A chess genius has died; a loss for humanity."
Lajos Portisch: "A big shock; the best chess player in history has passed away."
Ljubomir Ljubojevic: "A man without frontiers. He didn't divide the East and the West, he brought them together in their admiration for him."
Jan Timman: "A great player and a great example for many. His book My 60 Memorable Games had a big impact on me. It is a shame he didn't continue to enrich the world of chess with his unparalleled understanding after 1972."