Powellite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Powellite
John Wesley Powell, second Director of the USGS. Served from 1881-1894. Profile early in his term of office as Director
Formula:
Ca(MoO4)
Colour:
Yellow, straw-yellow, yellow-brown, brown, greenish yellow, grey, blue or black, colourless; black material is deep blue in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Resinous, Pearly
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
4.26
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1891 by William Harlow Melville in honor of the American geologist and explorer, John Wesley Powell [March 24, 1834 Mount Morris, New York, USA – September 23, 1902 North Haven, Maine, USA], second Director of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Isostructural with:
Powellite-Scheelite Series.
An uncommon secondary mineral, typically formed in the oxidation zones of molybdenum-bearing hydrothermal deposits, rarely in basalt cavities, tactites, and granite pegmatites.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Powellite.
An uncommon secondary mineral, typically formed in the oxidation zones of molybdenum-bearing hydrothermal deposits, rarely in basalt cavities, tactites, and granite pegmatites.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Powellite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3275
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3275:5
IMA Classification of Powellite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1891
Classification of Powellite
7.GA.05
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
G : Molybdates, Wolframates and Niobates
A : Without additional anions or H2O
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
G : Molybdates, Wolframates and Niobates
A : Without additional anions or H2O
Dana 7th ed.:
48.1.2.2
48.1.2.2
48 : ANHYDROUS MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES
1 : AXO4
48 : ANHYDROUS MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES
1 : AXO4
27.3.2
27 : Sulphites, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
3 : Molybdates
27 : Sulphites, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
3 : Molybdates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Pwl | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Powellite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Powellite
Sub-Adamantine, Resinous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Lustre sub-adamantine on crystal faces; greasy on fracture surfaces. Pearly lustre manifests on foliated pseudmorphous material.
Colour:
Yellow, straw-yellow, yellow-brown, brown, greenish yellow, grey, blue or black, colourless; black material is deep blue in transmitted light.
Comment:
May exhibit zoned colouration.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Indistinct on {112} {011} and {001}.
Indistinct on {112} {011} and {001}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
4.26 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.255 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Powellite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.974 nε = 1.984
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.010
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
In deeply colored specimens (Houghton County, Michigan, USA):
O = Blue
E = Green
O = Blue
E = Green
Chemistry of Powellite
Mindat Formula:
Ca(MoO4)
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
W
Crystallography of Powellite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/m - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I41/a
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.222(1) Å, c = 11.425(3) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.188
Unit Cell V:
312.92 ų
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals dipyramidal {111}, with {011} and {112}; less commonly flat tabular to paper-thin on {001}, exhibiting many minor forms. Form e sometimes striated parallel to the intersection with vertical plane {110}; diagonal striations parallel to {131} observed on e and W. Tetragonal-dipyramidal symmetry evident only in the zones of [111]. Forms crusts; powdery; ocherous; massive.
Comment:
On synthetic material
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0013207 | Powellite | Hazen R M, Finger L W, Mariathasan J W E (1985) High-pressure crystal chemistry of scheelite-type tungstates and molybdates Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 46 253-263 | 1985 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0013208 | Powellite | Hazen R M, Finger L W, Mariathasan J W E (1985) High-pressure crystal chemistry of scheelite-type tungstates and molybdates Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 46 253-263 | 1985 | 1.3 | 293 | ||
| 0013209 | Powellite | Hazen R M, Finger L W, Mariathasan J W E (1985) High-pressure crystal chemistry of scheelite-type tungstates and molybdates Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 46 253-263 | 1985 | 2.49 | 293 | ||
| 0013210 | Powellite | Hazen R M, Finger L W, Mariathasan J W E (1985) High-pressure crystal chemistry of scheelite-type tungstates and molybdates Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 46 253-263 | 1985 | 3.65 | 293 | ||
| 0013211 | Powellite | Hazen R M, Finger L W, Mariathasan J W E (1985) High-pressure crystal chemistry of scheelite-type tungstates and molybdates Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 46 253-263 | 1985 | 4.19 | 293 | ||
| 0013212 | Powellite | Hazen R M, Finger L W, Mariathasan J W E (1985) High-pressure crystal chemistry of scheelite-type tungstates and molybdates Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 46 253-263 | 1985 | 5.1 | 293 | ||
| 0013213 | Powellite | Hazen R M, Finger L W, Mariathasan J W E (1985) High-pressure crystal chemistry of scheelite-type tungstates and molybdates Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 46 253-263 | 1985 | 5.71 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.10 Å | (100) |
| 1.929 Å | (30) |
| 4.76 Å | (25) |
| 1.588 Å | (20) |
| 2.61 Å | (16) |
| 2.86 Å | (14) |
| 1.848 Å | (14) |
Comments:
Synthetic
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidation zone of hydrothermal deposits
Type Occurrence of Powellite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Well formed pyramidal crystals up to 2.5 mm in length, very similar in appearance to scheelite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA: #80674.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Chimneys of ore along a contact between limestone and granite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Powellite
Relationship of Powellite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Scheelite Group:
| Ronpetersonite | BaWO4 | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
| Scheelite | Ca(WO4) | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
| Stolzite | Pb(WO4) | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
| Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 87 photos of Powellite associated with Stilbite-Ca | NaCa4(Si27Al9)O72 · 28H2O |
| 87 photos of Powellite associated with Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| 79 photos of Powellite associated with Szenicsite | Cu3(MoO4)(OH)4 |
| 63 photos of Powellite associated with Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| 59 photos of Powellite associated with Fluorapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(F,OH) · 8H2O |
| 58 photos of Powellite associated with Scolecite | CaAl2Si3O10 · 3H2O |
| 40 photos of Powellite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 24 photos of Powellite associated with Apophyllite Group | AB4[Si8O22]X · 8H2O |
| 23 photos of Powellite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 20 photos of Powellite associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.GA. | Yunhaoite | K2(MoO4) |
| 7.GA.05 | Ronpetersonite | BaWO4 |
| 7.GA.05 | Fergusonite-(Ce) | CeNbO4 · 0.3H2O |
| 7.GA.05 | Fergusonite-(Nd) | NdNbO4 |
| 7.GA.05 | Fergusonite-(Y) | YNbO4 |
| 7.GA.05 | Stolzite | Pb(WO4) |
| 7.GA.05 | Suseinargiuite | NaBi(MoO4)2 |
| 7.GA.05 | Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
| 7.GA.05 | Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| 7.GA.10 | Formanite-(Y) | YTaO4 |
| 7.GA.10 | Iwashiroite-(Y) | Y(Ta,Nb)O4 |
| 7.GA.15 | Paraniite-(Y) | Ca2Y(AsO4)(WO4)2 |
| 7.GA.20 | Takanawaite-(Y) | YTaO4 |
Fluorescence of Powellite
Creamy white or yellow to golden yellow (SW UV).
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Fuses at about 5 to a gray mass.
Notes:
May replace molybdenite leaving a material with a foliated structure appearance. Alters to Ferrimolybdite.
Decomposed by HCl and HNO3.
Decomposed by HCl and HNO3.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Powellite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3275.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Powellite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.122
Pough, Frederick H. (1937) Crystallized powellite from Tonopah, Nevada. American Mineralogist, 22 (1) 57-64
Localities for Powellite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Porto et al. (1985) |
Australia | |
| Brown et al. (2001) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Rankin et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Sharpe et al. (2004) |
| Vickery et al. (2010) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Dieter Mylius collection |
| Stevens (1972) | |
| Huckitta 1996 |
| Zia U. Bajwah | |
| Zia U. Bajwah | |
| Ivanac et al. (1972) | |
| Huckitta 1996 | |
| Zia U. Bajwah | |
| Huckitta 1996 | |
| Huckitta 1996 | |
| Huckitta 1996 | |
| Huckitta 1996 | |
| Con Constantinides collection |
| Con Constantinides collection |
| Birch et al. (1998) |
| Ball (1915) | |
| Wheeler (2017) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Burchard (1977) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Stuart Mills |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Baxter (1978) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Abeysinghe et al. (1997) |
Austria | |
| Walter et al. (2016) |
| Steiner&Melcher (2020) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
Brazil | |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Costa et al. (2024) | |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) | |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Voigt Collection |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Soregaroli (1968) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Selby et al. (2000) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Richard Gunter specimen |
| www.ontariominerals.com (2001) |
| Thomson R. (1968) |
| Mielke (n.d.) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Horváth et al. (2019) |
| GSC Miscellaneous Report 41 - Sabina |
Chile | |
| R.O. Meyer collection |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Francis et al. (1994) | |
| A.Molina & M. Dini collections |
| Collection Elmar Lackner |
| Maurizio Dini collection | |
| Jason B. Smith collection |
| American Mineralogist | |
| Jewel Tunnel Imports (Baldwin Park, CA) |
China | |
| Zhizu He and Qinwei Dong (2012) |
| Boling Pan et al. (1989) |
| Mingzheng Zhuang (1983) |
| Jichang Weng et al. (2010) |
| Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Jian et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Zhu et al. (2025) |
| Liu et al. (2022) |
| Wanrong Hou et al. (2010) |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2012) |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2012) |
| Xiulan Nie and Wanrong Hou (2010) |
| Chengfa Wang (1984) |
| Xu et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Weiji Zhang (1982) |
| Chengdian Pen (1986) |
Czech Republic | |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Ulmanová et al. (2019) |
| Čermák F.: Powellit z Černé Vody (žulovský masiv) |
| Sejkora (1998) |
Ecuador | |
| Alejandro Felix Gutierrez |
Egypt | |
| Klemm R. (2013) |
Finland | |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... +1 other reference |
France | |
| Goujou et al. (2000) |
| R. Pierrot |
Germany | |
| 70. +1 other reference |
| Schatz (1972) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Lapis 1980 (7/8) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lorenz (2004) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Lapis (5) +1 other reference |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) | |
Greece | |
| Bracke (n.d.) |
India | |
| |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| |
| Ottens (2011) |
| Richard Dale Collection | |
| Ottens (1996) | |
| Ottens et al. (2019) |
| Claeys (2009) |
| Ottens et al. (2019) |
| Kothavala (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Kothavala (1982) | |
| Kothavala (1982) | |
| Claeys (2009) | |
| P Bongaerts collection |
| I don't know any literature reference | |
| Mukhopadhyay (1981) |
| Mukhopadhyay (1981) | |
| Khan et al. (2012) |
Iran | |
| Ali Sholeh et al. (2016) |
Italy | |
| Stefan Örtel |
| Cerea et al. (2019) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Bedognè F. et al. (1995) |
| Biffi P. et al. (Varese) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Preite et al. (1997) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Orlandi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Gamboni et al. (2011) |
| Gamboni et al. (1997) |
| Dellantonio (2013) |
| Published on LIBVRNA N°1 may 2021. Analysed by Spectralab srl (SEM/EDS and Raman) |
Ivory Coast | |
| Ouattara et al. (2021) |
Japan | |
| Bernard (1985) +1 other reference |
| Africano et al. (2000) | |
| Nishio-Hamane et al. (2013) |
| Yamada (2004) |
Jordan | |
| Galuskin et al. (2025) |
| Fleurance et al. (2013) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Dana 7:II:1080. |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Chen Xuanhua et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Yegorov et al. (1970) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Mexico | |
| Beinlich et al. (2019) |
| George-Aniel et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1991) | |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Lapis 2001 (1) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra ... |
| Megaw (2023) | |
| Megaw (2023) | |
Middle East | |
| Vapnik et al. (2014) | |
Mongolia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Morocco | |
| Meisser et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2007) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Namibia | |
| Xu et al. (2025) |
| Rick Turner | |
| Jahn et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Gebhard (1999) |
Nicaragua | |
| - (2005) |
Niger | |
| Bohari et al. (2022) |
North Macedonia | |
| Đorđević et al. (2024) |
Norway | |
| Burvald (1983) |
| Furuhaug et al. (1977) |
| Andresen (1990) |
| Raade (1966) |
| Raade (1966) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2005) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| |
| Hasan (1971) |
| Hasan (1971) | |
| Hasan (1971) | |
| Viola et al. (2008) |
| Nordrum (2001) |
Poland | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Mikulski (2013) |
Russia | |
| Potseluev et al. (2006) |
| Damdinov et al. (2022) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| webmineral.ru (2016) |
| Nishanbaev et al. (2016) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Gramenitskiy et al. (2019) | |
| |
| Pekov et al. (2022) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Kalinin (2021) |
| Kalinin (2021) | |
| Kalinin (2021) | |
| Perevoznikova et al. (2022) |
| Перевозникова et al. (СИХОТЭ-АЛИНЬ) |
| Africano et al. (2003) +2 other references |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
Serbia | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) | |
| Radosavljević-Mihajlović et al. (2017) | |
| Pačevski et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
Somaliland | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Rozendaa et al. (2012) |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| |
| Joan Rosell-Riba (2023) | |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Alfonso et al. (2012) |
Sweden | |
| Sundberg +1 other reference |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (2006) |
| Robbins et al. (1985) |
| Strand (2017) |
| |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
Switzerland | |
| Roth et al. (2025) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Roth et al. (2013) | |
| Weiß (1982) +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (2005) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Tanzania | |
| Bill Larsen |
Turkey | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Kocatürk et al. (2025) |
| Kocatürk et al. (2025) |
UK | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) |
| Hartley (1984) +2 other references |
| Starkey (1995) +1 other reference |
| Battey et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| Mational Museum of Wales database |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Mulligan +1 other reference |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10046190 +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Cooper (1964) +1 other reference |
| - (1973) | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039384 | |
| Cooper & Silver (1964) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Mr. Roy Parsons |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Confirmed by Raman spectorscopy at the ... |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Dale (1959) +1 other reference |
| Jahns (1952) +1 other reference | |
| MRDS file #10048180. |
| MRDS file #10027315. | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Onac +2 other references | |
| MRDS file #10037090. |
| Wenrich (1988) +1 other reference |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039530 |
| Wilson (1941) +3 other references |
| Keith (1974) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) +2 other references |
| Wilson (1941) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039411 |
| Schrader & Hill (1910) +3 other references |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10103745 |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039612 |
| Schrader (1915) +2 other references | |
| Schrader (1915) +2 other references | |
| Schrader (1915) +2 other references | |
| Schrader (1915) +2 other references | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Ransome (1922) +5 other references |
| Galbraith (1947) | |
| Raman analyzed at the University of ... |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10039521 +1 other reference |
| Dale (1959) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (1941) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10037099 |
| Rocks & Min.: 24:376-377. |
| Jahns (1952) +1 other reference | |
| Wilson (1941) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10109052 | |
| - (2005) |
| field collected specimen from David Lowe |
| USGS Bull 1182E +1 other reference | |
| Clark (1956) +4 other references |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Engel (1954) +2 other references |
| Rinehart (1964) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Knopf (1917a) +6 other references | |
| Tucker (1941) +3 other references |
| Tucker (1941) +3 other references |
| McAllister (1955) +2 other references |
| Engel (1962) +1 other reference |
| Hess (1917) +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Hess (1917) +1 other reference |
| Wiese (1946) +2 other references |
| Wiese (1946) +4 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Herschel Ward |
| Lemmon (1941b) +3 other references |
| calif Div Mines SR48 "Economic Geology ... | |
| Lemmon (1941b) +4 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Rinehart (1964) +2 other references |
| Rinehart (1964) +2 other references |
| USGS Bull 1182E +1 other reference |
| Doebrich +2 other references |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| [micromounts@yahoogroups.com] |
| Weber (1963) +3 other references |
| |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Kampf et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Carnegie Museum of Natural History ... |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Yedlin (1967) +1 other reference |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:244 |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:249-250. |
| USGS OFR 2000 - OF-00-239 |
| Ream (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| King (2009) |
| |
| Leavitt et al. (1993) |
| Travis Olds collection +1 other reference |
| Rosemeyer (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Rosemeyer (2001) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Rocks & Minerals:58:109. +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals: 61:328. +1 other reference |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Travis Olds collection | |
| Rosemeyer (2001) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Krohn et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Gobla (2012) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Tucker (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Tucker (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Tucker (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Schilling (1979) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1987) |
| NBMG Bull 83 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +2 other references |
| Doebrich +3 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference | |
| USGS Open-File Report 76-56 +2 other references |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +2 other references |
| Schilling (1979) |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference |
| Schilling (1979) +2 other references |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +2 other references | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference |
| Schilling (1979) |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology (1983) |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. +1 other reference | |
| Schilling (1979) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| John W. Norby and Michael J.T. Orobona (2002) | |
| NBMG Bull 59 Geology and Mineral ... |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Schilling (1979) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:487. | |
| - (2005) | |
| Schilling (1979) |
| Schilling (1979) |
| - (2005) |
| Schilling (1979) | |
| John Dowis Collection--Surprise |
| Schilling (1979) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Schilling (1979) +1 other reference | |
| +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 80 Geology and Mineral ... +3 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Schilling (1979) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Schilling (1979) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Martin Jensen (2011) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Schilling (1979) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Schilling (1979) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Schilling (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Dana 7:II:1081. +2 other references |
| Schilling (1979) |
| - (2005) |
| Johnson (1977) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Johnson (1977) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Johnson (1977) +1 other reference |
| Ken Coleman Collection |
| - (2005) |
| - (1976) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Schilling (1979) | |
| - (1976) | |
| - (2005) | |
| David Shannon Minerals to John Weber ... |
| - (1976) |
| Meyers et al. (1956) |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Dunn (1995) | |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| - (1965) +1 other reference |
| Yang et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Robert E. Walsttom collection |
| geoinfo.nmt.edu (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-459 |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2000) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| USGS Bull 945C +2 other references |
| USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| USGS Bull 945C | |
| USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference | |
| USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| C.W. Allen collection |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| www.juniata.edu (n.d.) |
| Miller |
| Rocks & Minerals (1986) |
| Smith (1991) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| - (2005) | |
| MINERALS OF THE KARNES URANIUM ... | |
| - (2005) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Self-collected by Franklin Roberts. |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dana 7:II:1080. +4 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Nolan et al. (1935) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| John Lindell Collection |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Vietnam | |
| Ko-Chun Huang Collection |
Zimbabwe | |
| Frei et al. (1998) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
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Manto Cuba Mine, San Pedro de Cachiyuyo mining district, Diego de Almagro, Chañaral Province, Atacama, Chile