Parkerite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Parkerite
Formula:
Ni3(Bi,Pb)2S2
May be Pb-free.
Colour:
Pale bronze
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
8.4
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
For mineralogist/petrologist Robert Lüling Parker (1893-1973) Prof. für Mineralogie und Petrographie ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
Comments: The name parkerite was given to mineral-G, a poorly and incompletely characterized species from S. Africa by Scholz (1937). The mineral was presented by Scholz as a nickel sulfide with a suggested formula of Ni2S3 or NiS2, and inexplicably without the Bi (51-64%) and Pb (~9%) being detected. In his study of the ore minerals of the Sudbury area, Michener (1940) noticed a nickel-bismuth sulfide mineral, which appeared to be a new species. The mineral was further investigated by Michener & Peacock (1943), who realized that although the composition and other data did not match that given by Scholz for parkerite, their X-ray powder data was in agreement with the data of Niggli for parkerite, which was appended to Scholz (1937). Rather than describing their mineral as a new species, they fully characterized and redefined it retaining the name parkerite on a specimen from the Frood mine, as well as using synthetic material, retaining the parkerite name given by Scholz (Michener & Peacock 1943). The Frood mine could not be specifically identified by Michener & Peacock at the time due to wartime restrictions. Additional data on parkerite from both type localities are given in Petruk et al. (1969). [Horváth 2003]
Comments: The name parkerite was given to mineral-G, a poorly and incompletely characterized species from S. Africa by Scholz (1937). The mineral was presented by Scholz as a nickel sulfide with a suggested formula of Ni2S3 or NiS2, and inexplicably without the Bi (51-64%) and Pb (~9%) being detected. In his study of the ore minerals of the Sudbury area, Michener (1940) noticed a nickel-bismuth sulfide mineral, which appeared to be a new species. The mineral was further investigated by Michener & Peacock (1943), who realized that although the composition and other data did not match that given by Scholz for parkerite, their X-ray powder data was in agreement with the data of Niggli for parkerite, which was appended to Scholz (1937). Rather than describing their mineral as a new species, they fully characterized and redefined it retaining the name parkerite on a specimen from the Frood mine, as well as using synthetic material, retaining the parkerite name given by Scholz (Michener & Peacock 1943). The Frood mine could not be specifically identified by Michener & Peacock at the time due to wartime restrictions. Additional data on parkerite from both type localities are given in Petruk et al. (1969). [Horváth 2003]
See also "lead-parkerite" and the chemically related bismutohauchecornite.
An Sb-bearing parkerite has been reported, too (Goryachev et al., 2004).
An Sb-bearing parkerite has been reported, too (Goryachev et al., 2004).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3122
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3122:2
IMA Classification of Parkerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1937
Classification of Parkerite
2.BE.20
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
E : With Pb (Bi)
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
E : With Pb (Bi)
2.3.4.1
2 : SULFIDES
3 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 5:2
2 : SULFIDES
3 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 5:2
5.8.14
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
8 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Mn, Fe, Co and Ni
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
8 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Mn, Fe, Co and Ni
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Prk | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Prk | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Parkerite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Pale bronze
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001}
{001}
Parting:
{111}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
8.4 g/cm3 (Measured) 8.50 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Parkerite
Anisotropism:
Strong; greenish gray to yellowish brown.
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 43.1% | 45.0% |
| 420nm | 44.2% | 46.0% |
| 440nm | 45.1% | 47.0% |
| 460nm | 45.9% | 47.8% |
| 480nm | 46.6% | 48.4% |
| 500nm | 47.1% | 49.0% |
| 520nm | 47.6% | 49.5% |
| 540nm | 48.0% | 49.9% |
| 560nm | 48.4% | 50.4% |
| 580nm | 48.8% | 50.7% |
| 600nm | 49.2% | 51.1% |
| 620nm | 49.6% | 51.5% |
| 640nm | 50.0% | 51.9% |
| 660nm | 50.4% | 52.3% |
| 680nm | 50.7% | 52.7% |
| 700nm | 51.0% | 53.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 53.0%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Light cream colored.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Greenish-grey to yellowish-brown, even slate-blue to salmon-pink.
Chemistry of Parkerite
Mindat Formula:
Ni3(Bi,Pb)2S2
May be Pb-free.
May be Pb-free.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Parkerite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.0666(1) Å, b = 8.085(1) Å, c = 11.458(1) Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.369 : 1 : 1.417
Unit Cell V:
1,025.19 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Grains and cleavage fragments.
Twinning:
Lamellar on (111).
Comment:
C2/m, Cm C2
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000318 | Parkerite | Fleet M E (1973) The crystal structure of parkerite (Ni3Bi2S2) American Mineralogist 58 435-439 |  | 1973 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.836 Å | (100) |
| 2.864 Å | (65) |
| 2.336 Å | (55) |
| 3.98 Å | (30) |
| 4.04 Å | (25) |
| 1.989 Å | (25) |
| 1.648 Å | (25) |
Comments:
Synthetic
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Type Occurrence of Parkerite
Co-Type Localities:
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No defined type material.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Peripheral to the main sulfide ore bodies.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Parkerite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 10 photos of Parkerite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 5 photos of Parkerite associated with Sobolevskite | PdBi |
| 4 photos of Parkerite associated with Stumpflite | PtSb |
| 4 photos of Parkerite associated with Taimyrite | (Pd,Cu,Pt)3Sn |
| 4 photos of Parkerite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 3 photos of Parkerite associated with Paolovite | Pd2Sn |
| 3 photos of Parkerite associated with Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| 3 photos of Parkerite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 2 photos of Parkerite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 2 photos of Parkerite associated with Talnakhite | Cu9(Fe,Ni)8S16 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.BE. | Dulanggouite | Bi6Te3 |
| 2.BE. | Zipserite | Bi5S4 |
| 2.BE.05 | Betekhtinite | Pb2(Cu,Fe)22-24S15 |
| 2.BE.10 | Furutobeite | (Cu,Ag)6PbS4 |
| 2.BE.15 | Shandite | Ni3Pb2S2 |
| 2.BE.15 | Rhodplumsite | Rh3Pb2S2 |
| 2.BE.25 | Schlemaite | (Cu,◻)6(Pb,Bi)Se4 |
| 2.BE.30 | Pašavaite | Pd3Pb2Te2 |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Non-Magnetic
Electrical:
Good electrical conductor.
Notes:
Etch reactions: HNO3, blackens instantly; HCl, negative; KCN, negative; FeCl3, blackens instantly; KOH, negative; HgCl2, stains iridescent.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Parkerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3122.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Parkerite
Reference List:
Michener, C. E., Peacock, M. A. (1943) Parkerite (Ni3Bi2S2) from Sudbury, Ontario: Redefinition of the species. American Mineralogist, 28 (6) 343-355
Petruk, W., Harris, D. C., Stewart, J. M. (1969) Langisite, a new mineral, and the rare minerals cobalt pentlandite, siegenite, parkerite, and bravoite from the Langis mine, Cobalt-Gowganda area, Ontario, Canada. The Canadian Mineralogist, 9 (5) 597-616
Fleet, Michael E. (1973) The crystal structure of parkerite (Ni3Bi2S2) American Mineralogist, 58 (5-6) 435-439
Localities for Parkerite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Takahashi et al. (2020) |
Australia | |
| Kalleske (2010) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Groves et al. (1978) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Auer (2019) |
| Auer (2024) |
Canada | |
| Manor |
| Huminicki et al. (2008) |
| Badham et al. (1980) |
| Badham et al. (1980) |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) | |
| Wehrle et al. (2023) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Szentpeteri et al. (2003) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Ames et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Ames et al. (2003) | |
| Springer (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Springer (1989) | |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| SCHOLZ (1937) +4 other references |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| 157-158. +1 other reference | |
| Dana's New Mineralogy +2 other references |
| Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ... +3 other references |
| Dana's New Mineralogy | |
China | |
| Chengmu Fan and Chongyao Cao (1991) |
| Nansheng Chen (1996) |
| Nansheng Chen (1996) | |
| Nansheng Chen (1996) |
| Han et al. (2020) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Qiu et al. (2017) |
| Wang et al. (2006) |
| Nansheng Chen (1996) |
| Nansheng Chen (1996) |
Czech Republic | |
| Škácha et al. (2021) |
| Ondruš et al. (2003) |
| Sejkora J. et al. (Česká republika) |
| Sejkora et al. (2020) |
| Fojt B. |
Egypt | |
| Helmy et al. (1995) |
Finland | |
| Kojonen K: K. (Cu,Fe) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Schnorrer et al. (1997) |
| Wittern (2001) |
India | |
| Narasimhan et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
Ivory Coast | |
| Gouedji et al. (2014) |
Japan | |
| Haruna (2002) |
North Macedonia | |
| Đorđević et al. (2017) |
Norway | |
| Pinet et al. (1985) |
Russia | |
| Mekhonoshin et al. (2013) +2 other references |
| Sidorov et al. (2019) |
| Dvorani (2016) |
| - (2014) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov collection +2 other references |
| Neradovskii et al. (1982) |
| |
| Chashchin et al. (2018) |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| Anatoly Kasatkin analytical data |
| [World of Stones 95:5-6 | |
| Koroteev et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Palyanova et al. (2018) |
| Yurgenson et al. (2023) |
South Africa (TL) | |
| Brower et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| Van der Merwe (2011) |
| Hutchinson et al. (2005) | |
Spain | |
| Oen et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Gervilla et al. (1990) |
| Gervilla et al. (2002) | |
| Oen et al. (1980) |
| Lopez Ciriano et al. (1997) |
Sweden | |
| Bjärnborg (2009) |
| Dobbe (1991) |
| Dobbe (1991) | |
Tanzania | |
| Maier et al. (2010) |
UK | |
| Rumsey et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Haxel et al. (2023) |
| McSwiggen (1999) |
Vietnam | |
| Glotov et al. (2001) |
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Mn deposit, Dürnstein, Neumarkt in der Steiermark, Murau District, Styria, Austria