Kassite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Kassite
Nikolai G. Kassin
Formula:
CaTi2O4(OH)2
Colour:
Brownish pink to pale yellow
Lustre:
Adamantine
Hardness:
5
Specific Gravity:
3.42
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
In honour of Academician Nikolai Grigor’evich Kassin (Николай Григорьевич Кассин) (14 December 1885, Gnusino, Vyatka province, Russian empire - 28 October 1949, Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan), USSR), geologist with the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. He discovered the Afrikanda massif, Russia.
Type Locality:
This page provides mineralogical data about Kassite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2166
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2166:7
IMA Classification of Kassite
Approved
First published:
1965
Classification of Kassite
4.DH.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
8.3.9.1
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
7.9.7
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Kas | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Kassite
Adamantine
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Brownish pink to pale yellow
Hardness:
5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010} and distinct on {101}.
Perfect on {010} and distinct on {101}.
Density:
3.42 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.418 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Kassite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.95(1) nβ = 2.13 nγ = 2.21
2V:
Measured: 58° , Calculated: 62°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.260
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
very strong: r> v
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Colorless to pale yellow
Comments:
X=c, Z=b
Chemistry of Kassite
Mindat Formula:
CaTi2O4(OH)2
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Kassite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/a
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.275(1) Å, b = 9.009(2) Å, c = 9.557(2) Å
β = 90.43°
β = 90.43°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.586 : 1 : 1.061
Unit Cell V:
454.16 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Flattened on {010}, the predominant face. Smaller {181} and {270} and minor {251}, {031} and {101}.
Twinning:
Twinning common on (101} and (181).
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0003155 | Kassite | Grey I E, Mumme W G, Pekov I V, Pushcharovsky D Y (2003) The crystal structure of chromian kassite from the Saranovskoye deposit, Northern Urals, Russia American Mineralogist 88 1331-1335 |  | 2003 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.763 Å | (26) |
| 3.300 Å | (100) |
| 3.273 Å | (97) |
| 2.603 Å | (23) |
| 2.316 Å | (19) |
| 2.282 Å | (37) |
| 1.776 Å | (18) |
| 1.762 Å | (41) |
| 1.516 Å | (24) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks |
Type Occurrence of Kassite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Crystals on the walls of miarolitic cavities. Forms pseudomorphs after perovskite and replaces ilmentite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mineralogcal Museum, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, Russia, 17402.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Miarolitic cavities of alkalic pegmatites.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Kassite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 6 photos of Kassite associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 5 photos of Kassite associated with Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| 4 photos of Kassite associated with Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 4 photos of Kassite associated with Lorenzenite | Na2Ti2(Si2O6)O3 |
| 3 photos of Kassite associated with Cafetite | CaTi2O5 · H2O |
| 3 photos of Kassite associated with Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 3 photos of Kassite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 2 photos of Kassite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 2 photos of Kassite associated with Pyroaurite-2H | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3) · 4H2O |
| 1 photo of Kassite associated with Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DH. | Cesiokenopyrochlore | ◻Nb2(O,OH)6(Cs,◻) |
| 4.DH. | Roméite Group | A2(Sb5+)2O6Z |
| 4.DH. | Oxyplumboroméite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH. | Fluornatropyrochlore | (Na,Pb,Ca,REE,U)2Nb2O6F |
| 4.DH. | Hydroxykenomicrolite | (◻,Na,Sb3+)2Ta2O6(OH,Cs) |
| 4.DH. | Fluornatroroméite | (Na,Ca)2Sb2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH. | Oxyyttrobetafite-(Y) | Y2Ti2O6O |
| 4.DH.05 | Thorutite | (Th,U,Ca)Ti2(O,OH)6 |
| 4.DH.05 | Orthobrannerite | U4+U6+Ti4O12(OH)2 |
| 4.DH.05 | Brannerite | UTi2O6 |
| 4.DH.10 | Lucasite-(La) | |
| 4.DH.10 | Lucasite-(Ce) | CeTi2(O,OH)6 |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorhydropyrochlore | |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenoelsmoreite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxynatromicrolite | (Na,Bi3+,◻)2Ta2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroplumboelsmoreite | (Pb,◻)(W,Fe3+)2O6 · H2O |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydropyrochlore | (H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Hydroxymanganopyrochlor) | (Mn,Ca,Y)2(Sb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,Ce)2Nb2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenopyrochlore | (◻,x)2Nb2O6(H2O,Cs) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxybismutomicrolite | (Bi1.33◻0.67)Σ2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Kenomicrolite | ◻2Ta2[O4(OH)2]◻ |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluornatromicrolite | (Na1.5Bi0.5)Ta2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxycalciopyrochlore | (Ca,Na,U,◻)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorcalciopyrochlore | (Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxycalciopyrochlore | Ca2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorstrontiopyrochlore | (Sr,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxyplumbopyrochlore | Pb2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorplumbopyrochlore | (Pb,Y,Th,U,Na,Ca)2-x(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Bismutomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | |
| 4.DH.15 | Bismutopyrochlore (of Chukanov et al.) | (Bi,Ca,U,Pb)2-xNb2(O,OH)6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Kenoplumbopyrochlore | (Pb,◻)Nb2O6(◻,O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxyplumbopyrochlore | (Pb1.5◻0.5)Nb2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Stibiomicrolite (of Groat et al.) | |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxyyttropyrochlore-(Y) | (Y,◻)2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorkenopyrochlore | (◻,Sr,Ce,Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxycalciomicrolite | Ca1.5Ta2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Strontiopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
| 4.DH.15 va | Alumotungstite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxycalciobetafite | Ca2(Ti,Nb)2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxyuranobetafite | (U,Ca,◻)2(Ti,Nb)2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorcalciomicrolite | (Ca,Na)2(Ta,Nb)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxycalciomicrolite | Ca2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxystannomicrolite | Sn2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Kenoplumbomicrolite | (Pb,◻)2Ta2O6(◻,OH,O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxynatromicrolite | (Na,Ca,U)2(Ta,Nb)2O6(O,F) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxystibiomicrolite | (Sb3+,Ca)2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydromicrolite | (H2O,◻)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenomicrolite | (◻,H2O)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxykenoelsmoreite | (◻,Pb)2(W,Fe3+,Al)2(O,OH)6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 va | Yttromicrolite (of Hogarth) | (Ca,Y3+,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb,Ti,Fe3+)2O7 |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxykenopyrochlore | (◻,Ce,Ba)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH,F) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxymanganopyrochlore | (Mn2+,Th,Na,Ca,REE)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Cuproroméite | Cu2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.20 | Hydroxycalcioroméite | (Ca,Sb3+)2(Sb5+,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Bindheimite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH.20 | Hydroxyferroroméite | (Fe2+1.5◻0.5)Sb5+2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Fluorcalcioroméite | (Ca,Na,◻)2Sb5+2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH.20 | Oxycalcioroméite | Ca2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH.20 | Stetefeldtite | Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.20 | Stibiconite | Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Monimolite | Pb2Sb5+2O7 |
| 4.DH.25 | Rosiaite | PbSb5+2O6 |
| 4.DH.30 | Stefanweissite | (Ca,REE)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14 |
| 4.DH.30 | Zirconolite | CaZrTi2O7 |
| 4.DH.30 | Laachite | (Ca,Mn)2Zr2Nb2TiFeO14 |
| 4.DH.30 | Nöggerathite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14 |
| 4.DH.35 | Liandratite | U(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DH.35 | Petscheckite | UFe(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DH.40 | Ingersonite | Ca3Mn2+Sb5+4O14 |
| 4.DH.45 | Pittongite | Na0.22(W,Fe3+)(O,OH)3 · 0.44H2O |
| 4.DH.50 | Tazzoliite | Ba4-xNaxTi2Nb3SiO17[PO2(OH)2]x(OH)(1-2x) |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Paramagnetic
Thermal Behaviour:
DTA curve shows a small endothermic effect at 250-300 C, a large one at 600-700 C (loss of hydroxyl), and a sharp exothermic break at 800-850 C (formation of perovskite + rutile).
Notes:
Insoluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Kassite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2166.html
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External Links:
References for Kassite
Reference List:
Association, International Mineralogical (1968) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (284). 1143-1145 doi:10.1180/minmag.1968.036.284.11
Self, Peter G., Buseck, Peter R. (1991) Structure model for kassite, CaTi2O4(OH)2. American Mineralogist, 76 (1-2) 283-287
Grey, I.E., Mumme, W.G., Pekov, I.V., Pushcharovsky, D.Yu. (2004) The crystal structure of chromian kassite from the Saranovskoye deposit, Northern Urals, Russia. American Mineralogist, 88 (8) 1331-1335 doi:10.2138/am-2003-8-916
Localities for Kassite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Amores-Casals et al. (2019) |
Australia | |
| Downes et al. (2014) |
Canada | |
| Martins et al. (2014) |
China | |
| Yu S. et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Zajzon et al. (2013) |
India | |
| Xu et al. (2018) |
Italy | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Saveliev et al. (2023) |
| Saveliev et al. (2023) | |
Russia | |
| Priymenko et al. (2022) |
| World of Stones 95: 5-6 +1 other reference |
| Britvin et al. (1996) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Grey et al. (2004) |
South Africa | |
| Kamenetsky et al. (2014) |
USA | |
| Evans et al. (1986) |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2002) |
| Self et al. (1991) |
| Martins et al. (2014) |
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Val di Serra Quarry, Pilcante, Ala, Trento Province, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy