Galenobismutite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Galenobismutite
Formula:
PbBi2S4
Colour:
Lead-gray, gray, light gray, tin-white
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3½
Specific Gravity:
6.9 - 7.1
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named after its chemical composition.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1642
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1642:7
IMA Classification of Galenobismutite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1878
Classification of Galenobismutite
2.JC.25e
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
J : Sulfosalts of PbS archetype
C : Galena derivatives, with Tl
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
J : Sulfosalts of PbS archetype
C : Galena derivatives, with Tl
Dana 7th ed.:
3.7.9.1
3.7.9.1
3 : SULFOSALTS
7 : ø = 2
3 : SULFOSALTS
7 : ø = 2
5.6.23
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
6 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb alone
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
6 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Gbit | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Gab | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Galenobismutite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Lead-gray, gray, light gray, tin-white
Comment:
May tarnish yellow, blue, or iridescent
Streak:
Gray-black
Hardness:
2½ - 3½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=142 - 194 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on the {110}
Good on the {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
6.9 - 7.1 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.195 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Galenobismutite
Anisotropism:
Strong
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 48.0% | 51.1% |
| 440nm | 47.8% | 51.1% |
| 480nm | 47.5% | 50.8% |
| 520nm | 46.6% | 49.8% |
| 560nm | 45.3% | 48.2% |
| 600nm | 44.6% | 47.2% |
| 640nm | 44.4% | 46.7% |
| 680nm | 44.5% | 46.8% |
| 700nm | 44.7% | 47.1% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 51.1%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White
Chemistry of Galenobismutite
Mindat Formula:
PbBi2S4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Galenobismutite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.65 Å, b = 14.49 Å, c = 4.08 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.804 : 1 : 0.282
Unit Cell V:
688.74 ų
Z:
4
Morphology:
Lathlike, elongated [001] and flattened {100}; needles [001]; striated [001]. Extremely thin plates at times {100}. Crystals frequently bent or twisted. Massive, columnar to fibrous, or compact.
Comment:
Space group Pnam (non-standard setting).
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006073 | Galenobismutite | Pinto D, Balic-Zunic T, Garavelli A, Makovicky E, Vurro F (2006) Comparative crystal-structure study of Ag-free lillianite and galenobismutite from Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy The Canadian Mineralogist 44 159-175 |  | 2006 | Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0006326 | Galenobismutite | Topa D, Makovicky E, Putz H (2010) The crystal structure of angelaite, Cu2AgPbBiS4 The Canadian Mineralogist 48 145-153 | 2010 | Angela mine, Los Manantiales district, Chubut province, Argentina | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009086 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 0.0001 | 293 | |
| 0009087 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 0.16 | 293 | |
| 0009088 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 0.6 | 293 | |
| 0009089 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 1.39 | 293 | |
| 0009090 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 2.97 | 293 | |
| 0009091 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 4.15 | 293 | |
| 0009092 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 4.78 | 293 | |
| 0009093 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 6.06 | 293 | |
| 0009094 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 8.65 | 293 | |
| 0009095 | Galenobismutite | Olsen L A, Balic-Zunic T, Makovicky E, Ullrich A, Miletich R (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 467-475 | 2007 | synthetic | 8.92 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.65 Å | (30) |
| 3.45 Å | (100) |
| 3.03 Å | (40) |
| 2.76 Å | (30) |
| 2.46 Å | (40) |
| 2.05 Å | (40) |
| 1.961 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45) | |
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermal veins
Type Occurrence of Galenobismutite
Synonyms of Galenobismutite
Other Language Names for Galenobismutite
Dutch:Galenobismutiet
Russian:Галенобисмутит
Simplified Chinese:辉铅铋矿
Spanish:Galenobismuthita
Galenobismutita
Galenobismutita
Varieties of Galenobismutite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 47 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 39 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 33 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| 27 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Cosalite | Pb2Bi2S5 |
| 23 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 22 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Matildite | AgBiS2 |
| 10 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| 5 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 4 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Kobellite | Pb22Cu4(Bi,Sb)30S69 |
| 3 photos of Galenobismutite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.JC.05 | Ellisite | Tl3AsS3 |
| 2.JC.10 | Gillulyite | Tl2As7.5Sb0.3S13 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Galenobismutite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1642.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Galenobismutite
Reference List:
Sjögren, Hj. (1878) Om några vismutmineralier från Nordmarks grufvor i Vermland. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 4 (4) 106-111 doi:10.1080/11035897809448179
Berry, L. G. (1940) Studies of mineral sulpho-salts: IV-Galenobismutite and "lillianite". American Mineralogist, 25 (11). 726-734
Berry, L. G., Thompson, R. M. (1962) X-Ray Powder Data for Ore Minerals: the Peacock Atlas. GSA Memoir 85. Geological Society of America doi:10.1130/mem85pp.161-162
Wulf, R. (1990) Experimental distinction of elements with similar atomic number using anomalous dispersion (δ synthesis): an application of synchrotron radiation in crystal structure analysis. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography, 46 (8). 681-688 doi:10.1107/s0108767390004469
Pinto, D., Balic-Zunic, T., Garavelli, A., Makovicky, E., Vurro, F. (2006) Comparative crystal-structure study of Ag-free lillianite and galenobismutite from Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy. The Canadian Mineralogist, 44 (1) 159-175 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.44.1.159
Pinto, D., Balić-Žunić, T., Bonaccorsi, E., Borodaev, Y. S., Garavelli, A., Garbarino, C., Makovicky, E., Mozgova, N. N., Vurro, F. (2006) Rare sulfosalts from Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy. VII. Cl-bearing galenobismutite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 44 (2) 443-457 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.44.2.443
Olsen, Lars A., Balic-Zunic, Tonci, Makovicky, Emil, Ullrich, Angela, Miletich, Ronald (2007) Hydrostatic compression of galenobismutite (PbBi2S4): elastic properties and high-pressure crystal chemistry. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 34 (7) 467-475 doi:10.1007/s00269-007-0163-9
Ohta, Michihiro, Chung, Duck Young, Kunii, Masaru, Kanatzidis, Mercouri G. (2014) Low lattice thermal conductivity in Pb5Bi6Se14, Pb3Bi2S6, and PbBi2S4: promising thermoelectric materials in the cannizzarite, lillianite, and galenobismuthite [sic] homologous series. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2 (47). 20048-20058 doi:10.1039/c4ta05135a
Localities for Galenobismutite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Biglia et al. (2016) |
| De Brodtkorb (2009) |
Australia | |
| McClatchie & Sylvester (1970) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| SOMARIN (2009) |
| Rankin et al. (2002) |
| Lawrence et al. (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Clissold (2007) | |
| Clissold (2007) +1 other reference | |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Collins et al. (2004) |
| Groves et al. (1978) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Walter et al. (2005) | |
| Paar et al. (1998) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| NIEDERMAYR et al. (2005) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Oliver Dziallas collection +2 other references | |
| Putz (2011) |
| Niedermayr (2008) |
| Steiner&Melcher (2020) |
| Neschen (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Topa et al. (2001) +2 other references | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch (2012) | |
| Kolitsch (2013) |
Bolivia | |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental (USGS Bulletin no. 1975) |
Bulgaria | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Birch et al. (1985) |
| Dobrev |
| Dobrev | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Dana 7:I:446 +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Moëlo et al. (1987) |
| Parrish (1977) +1 other reference |
| - (2022) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| 159-161. +2 other references |
| Petruk (1971) |
| Traill (1983) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
China | |
| Yunsheng Ren et al. (2005) |
| Huan Hu et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Junwu Lu and Yuanfa Xia (2001) |
| Xinhui Liu et al. (2010) |
| He et al. (2021) |
| Zhenru Zhang et al. (1987) |
| Wenfeng Zhu et al. (2009) |
| Xiao et al. (2022) |
| Mineral Deposits 4 (1) |
| Yi Li and Lairen Lai (1993) |
| Bin Shu et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Dianhao Huang et al. (1991) |
| Yanjing Chen et al. (2009) |
| Shimou Chen et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Yirang Chen (1981) +3 other references |
| Bingjian Xiao (2000) |
| Zhitian Wang et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Yingchen Ren et al. (1986) +2 other references |
| Zhenru Zhang et al. (1987) |
| Junfeng Shi (1998) +1 other reference |
| Yingfeng Ao et al. (2002) |
| Yushan Zhao et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Wu et al. (2022) |
| Jin et al. (2025) |
| Guangfu Zou et al. (2008) |
| Zhixing Feng et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist 85 +1 other reference |
| Jiajun Liu et al. (2007) |
| Xinzhi Zhan et al. (1995) |
| Zhou et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Boisson et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Picot et al. (1982) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| |
| Habel (2009) |
| SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy by Joy ... |
| |
| Sáez et al. (2011) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Voudouris et al. (2010, April) +1 other reference |
| Christos L. Stergiou et al. (2022) |
Hungary | |
| NAGY et al. (2000) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll et al. (2014) |
| |
India | |
| Tripathi et al. (2022) |
Indonesia | |
| Symonds (1993) |
Iran | |
| Rabiee et al. (2024) |
| www.min-eng.com (2004) |
| Mousavi Motlagh et al. (2024) |
Italy | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2021) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2021) | |
| Vanini et al. (2008) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Gamboni et al. (2011) |
| Venerandi Pirri (1993) |
| Pinto et al. (2006) |
| SEM/EDX by Dario cericola |
| Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| Erica Bittarello +3 other references |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Dini A. et al. (2013) | |
| Dini A. et al. (2013) | |
Japan | |
| Shimizu et al (1999) |
| IZUMINO et al. (2014) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kovalev et al. (2018) |
| Mozgova et al. (1994) |
| Mozgova et al. (1994) |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Kosovo | |
| Mederski et al. (2021) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Baocheng Fan et al. (2014) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| GONZALEZPARTIDA et al. (2003) |
| GONZALEZPARTIDA et al. (2003) | |
Mongolia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Morocco | |
| Ilmen et al. (2024) |
North Macedonia | |
| Serafimovski et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Serafimovski et al. (2016) | |
Norway | |
| Pedersen (1976) |
| Oftedahl (1941) +1 other reference |
| Dons (1963) |
| Bugge (1935) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| PMPB Meulenbeld collection |
Poland | |
| Gołębiowska et al. (2006) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Kozłowski et al. (2024) | |
| Kucha et al. (1986) |
Portugal | |
| Gaspar (2002) |
| Leal Gomes et al. (2009) |
| |
| Leal Gomes | |
| Neiva et al. (2019) |
Romania | |
| Ciobanu et al. (2006) |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Shimizu et al. (1998) | |
| Shimizu et al. (1998) | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Cook et al. (2002) | |
| Ciobanu et al. (2000) |
| Szakáll (2002) | |
| HÎRTOPANU et al. (2025) |
| Damian et al. (2024) |
Russia | |
| Potseluev et al. (2006) |
| Igor Savin's data |
| Bortnikov et al. (2004) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) +1 other reference |
| Volkov et al. (2013) |
| Savva et al. (2022) |
| Groznova et al (2005) +1 other reference |
| Grant et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Simanenko (2007) | |
| Grebennikova et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Simanenko (2007) |
| |
| Kazachenko et al. (2021) |
| |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Vikent'eva et al. (2016) |
| Tauson et al. (2017) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
| Timofeeva et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| Gvozdev et al. (2020) | |
| Lyubimtseva et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
Serbia | |
| Pačevski et al. (2018) |
Slovakia | |
| Pršek J. (Kandid. Diz.práca) |
| Pršek et al. (2008) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ferenc Š. et al. (2024) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Antal B. (1991) |
| Antal B. (1991) | |
| Kaličiak |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Swiegers (1948) +1 other reference |
| Swiegers (1948) |
South Korea | |
| Bernard and Hyrsl (2004) +1 other reference |
| IMAI et al. (1986) |
| IMAI et al. (1986) | |
| Chi et al. (1989) |
| Chi et al. (1989) | |
Spain | |
| Castroviejo et al. (2011) |
| Mateo +4 other references |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf (2013) |
Sweden | |
| Lasskogen (2010) |
| |
| Arkiv Kemi (1924) |
| Damman et al. (1990) |
| Magnusson (1929) | |
| Sjögren (1878) | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Holtstam (2001) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet et al. (2014) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Schweizer strahler +1 other reference |
Tajikistan | |
| Ятимов et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Badalov et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| Turlychkin et al. (1972) | |
| Lur'ye et al. (1971) | |
UK | |
| www.minerals.f9.co.uk (2002) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| |
USA | |
| Walsh et al. (1991) |
| Pemberton (1983) |
| Pemberton (1983) +2 other references | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Shannon et al. (1985) | |
| Ramdohr (1969) |
| Dana 7:I:446 +2 other references |
| Foord et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) |
| Dana 7th edition volume 1 page 472. +1 other reference |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Dan Fountain collection |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Schilling (1979) | |
| Foord et al. (1988) |
| Don Saathoff specimen (Now in Jeremy Zolan collection) |
| Don Saathoff collection | |
| Michael C Michayluk Collection | |
| geoinfo.nmt.edu (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:168. +1 other reference | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +4 other references |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Ashirov et al. (2023) |
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Merrimac Mine, Organ Mining District, Organ Mountains, Doña Ana County, New Mexico, USA