rear

Group-I birds were reared in free-range and group-II birds in confinement rearing systems.

It was observed during present study that Maleagris gallopavo reared under confinements spent maximum time in litter pecking during 1st (25.5%), 2nd (22.14%), 3rd (20.3%), 4th (13.53%), 5th (29.63%) and 6th (16.92%) month of age, respectively.

gallopavo showed that the birds reared under free-range rearing system spent relatively greater time in jumping, litter pecking, preening, walking and feeding behaviors while the birds reared in confinements spent relatively more time in aggression, immobility, standing, drinking and ling behavior (Table III).

Likewise Histomoniasis is normally occur due to direct contact with soil and has been found in the hens reared on the free-range [7].

[1] observed higher breast and thigh meat yield in free-range reared birds with reduced stocking density which might be due to higher exercise of the birds.

However it has also been reported that the rearing system significantly affect the shear force of breast thighs and drumstick tissues shown by more tender tibias of free-range reared birds compared with indoor production of birds.

Six days after giving birth, females reared by attentive mothers displayed greater numbers of oxytocin receptors in several brain areas involved in maternal behavior than did females reared by unresponsive mothers.

Yet only those females that were reared by attentive mothers showed a marked increase in oxytocin-receptor activity when treated with estrogen.