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Malus domestica

(Apple)

Overview

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Albanian:

Molla

Common Names in Arabic:

Tuffahh, تفاح, تفاح مستأنس

Common Names in Aragonese:

Mazana

Common Names in Armenian:

Խնձոր

Common Names in Azerbaijani:

Alma (meyvə)

Common Names in Basque:

Sagar, Sagarrondo

Common Names in Belarusian:

Яблык

Common Names in Bengali, Bangla:

আপেল

Common Names in Bihari:

सेव

Common Names in Bosnian:

Jabuka

Common Names in Breton:

Aval

Common Names in Bulgarian:

Ябълка

Common Names in Catalan, Valencian:

Poma, Pomera

Common Names in Chinese:

Ping Guo, 苹果

Common Names in Chuvash:

Панулми

Common Names in Croatian:

Jabuka

Common Names in Czech:

Jablko

Common Names in Danish:

æble (Short), æbletræ (Tree), Abild (Old), Almindelig æble, Almindelig Æble, Æble

Common Names in Divehi, Dhivehi, Maldivian:

އާފަލް

Common Names in Dutch:

Appel (vrucht)

Common Names in English:

Apple, Apple Tree, Wild Apple

Common Names in Esperanto:

Pomo

Common Names in Estonian:

Õun, Õunapuu

Common Names in Fijian:

Yapolo

Common Names in Finnish:

Paratiisiomena, Tarhaomenapuu

Common Names in French:

Pomme, Pommier, Pommier Commun, Pommier domestique

Common Names in Galician:

Maceira

Common Names in German:

Apfel, Apfelbaum, Echter Apfelbaum, Kultur Apfel, Kultur-Apfel, Kulturapfel, Kulturapfel#Früchte

Common Names in Greek (modern):

Μήλο

Common Names in Gujarati:

સફરજન

Common Names in Haitian, Haitian Creole:

Pòm

Common Names in Hebrew (modern):

תפוח

Common Names in Hindi:

सेब

Common Names in Hungarian:

Nemes alma

Common Names in Icelandic:

Epli

Common Names in Indonesian:

Apel

Common Names in Interlingua:

Pomo

Common Names in Inuktitut:

ᑭᒻᒥᓇᐅᔭᖅ

Common Names in Irish:

Úll

Common Names in Italian:

Mela, Melo, Pomo

Common Names in Japanese:

Ringo, Seiyou Ringo, リンゴ

Common Names in Javanese:

Apel

Common Names in Kannada:

ಸೇಬು

Common Names in Kashmiri:

ژوٗنٛٹھ

Common Names in Kazakh:

Алма

Common Names in Kinyarwanda:

Pome

Common Names in Korean:

사과

Common Names in Kurdish:

Sêv

Common Names in Latin:

Malum

Common Names in Latvian:

Ābele, Ābols

Common Names in Lithuanian:

Obuolys

Common Names in Luxembourgish, Letzeburgesch:

Apel

Common Names in Macedonian:

Јаболко

Common Names in Malagasy:

Paoma

Common Names in Malay:

Epal

Common Names in Malayalam:

ആപ്പിൾ

Common Names in Manx:

Ooyl

Common Names in Māori:

Āporo

Common Names in Marathi (Marāṭhī):

सफरचंद

Common Names in Mongolian:

Алим

Common Names in Navajo, Navaho:

Bilasáana

Common Names in Nepali:

स्याउ

Common Names in Norwegian:

Epleslekten

Common Names in Norwegian Nynorsk:

Eple

Common Names in Occitan:

Poma, Pomièr

Common Names in Ossetian, Ossetic:

Фæткъуы

Common Names in Pashto, Pushto:

مڼه

Common Names in Persian (Farsi):

سیب

Common Names in Polish:

Jabłko, Jabłoń domowa

Common Names in Portuguese:

Maça (Brazil), Maçanzeira (Brazil), Maçã, Maceira, Macieira (Brazil)

Common Names in Quechua:

Mansana

Common Names in Romanian:

Măr

Common Names in Russian:

Iabloko, Iablonia, Яблоко, Яблоня домашняя

Common Names in Samoan:

Apu

Common Names in Sanskrit (Saṁskṛta):

सेवफलम्

Common Names in Sardinian:

Mela

Common Names in Scottish Gaelic, Gaelic:

Ubhal

Common Names in Serbian:

Јабука, Домаћа јабука

Common Names in Sindhi:

اَنبِڙِي

Common Names in Slovak:

Jablko, Jablo Domáca, Jabloň domáca

Common Names in Slovene:

Jablana, Jabolko

Common Names in Slovenian:

Lahtna Jablana

Common Names in Somali:

Tufaax

Common Names in Spanish:

Manzana, Manzano

Common Names in Spanish, Castilian:

Manzana

Common Names in Sundanese:

Apel

Common Names in Swahili:

Tofaa

Common Names in Swedish:

äppel, äppelträd, äpple, Äpple

Common Names in Tagalog:

Mansanas

Common Names in Tajik:

Себ

Common Names in Tamil:

ஆப்பிள்

Common Names in Tatar:

Алма

Common Names in Telugu:

ఆపిల్

Common Names in Thai:

แอปเปิล

Common Names in Tibetan Standard, Tibetan, Central:

ཀུ་ཤུ།

Common Names in Turkish:

Elma

Common Names in Ukrainian:

Яблуко, Яблуня домашня

Common Names in Urdu:

سیب

Common Names in Uyghur, Uighur:

ئالما

Common Names in Uzbek:

Olma

Common Names in Venda:

Apula

Common Names in Vietnamese:

Táo tây

Common Names in Walloon:

Pemî

Common Names in Welsh:

Afal

Common Names in Yiddish:

עפל

Common Names in Zulu:

Ihhabhula

Description

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Family Rosaceae

Trees , shrubs , or herbs, deciduous or evergreen . Stems erect , scandent , arching , prostrate , or creeping, armed or unarmed . Buds usually with several exposed scales , sometimes with only 2. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound ; stipules paired , free or adnate to petiole , rarely absent, persistent or deciduous; petiole usually 2-glandular apically; leaf blade often serrate at margin , rarely entire. Inflorescences various, from single flowers to umbellate , corymbose , racemose or cymose-paniculate. Flowers usually actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual and then plants dioecious. Hypanthium (formed from basal parts of sepals, petals, and stamens) free from or adnate to ovary, short or elongate . Sepals usually 5, rarely fewer or more, imbricate; epicalyx segments sometimes also present. Petals as many as sepals, inserted below margin of disk, free, imbricate, sometimes absent. Disk lining hypanthium, usually entire, rarely lobed . Stamens usually numerous , rarely few, always in a complete ring at margin of or above disk; filaments usually free, very rarely connate ; anthers small, didymous , rarely elongate, 2-locular. Carpels 1 to many, free, or ± connate and then adnate to inner surface of cupular receptacle; ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or superior; ovules usually 2 in each carpel, rarely 1 or several, anatropous , superposed . Styles as many as carpels, terminal , lateral , or basal, free or sometimes connate. Fruit a follicle, pome, achene, or drupe, rarely a capsule, naked or enclosed in persistent hypanthium and sometimes also by sepals. Seeds erect or pendulous, sometimes winged , usually exalbuminous , very rarely with thin endosperm; cotyledons mostly fleshy and convex abaxially, rarely folded or convolute.

Between 95 and 125 genera and 2825-3500 species: cosmopolitan , mostly in N temperate zone; 55 genera (two endemic) and 950 species (546 endemic) in China.

Many plants of this family are of economic importance and contribute to people s livelihoods. The Rosaceae contain a great number of fruit trees of temperate regions . The fruits contain vitamins, acids, and sugars and can be used both raw and for making preserves, jam, jelly, candy, various drinks, wine, vinegar, etc. The dried fruits of the genera

Amygdalus and Armeniaca are of high commercial value. Some plants in the genus Rosa containing essential oils or with a high vitamin content are used in industry . Rosaceae wood is used for making various articles, stems and roots are used for making tannin extract, and young leaves are used as a substitute for tea. Numerous species are used for medical purposes or are cultivated as ornamentals .

The Rosaceae are very well represented in China, with great economic and scientific importance. The Co-chairs of the Editorial Committee (Wu and Raven) here note that the patterns of relationship are complex and the group is taxonomically difficult. [1]

Genus Malus

Trees or shrubs , deciduous or semievergreen, usually unarmed ; buds ovoid , with several imbricate scales . Leaves alternate, simple , petiolate , stipulate , venation craspedodromous or camptodromous and merely toothed , margin serrate or lobed , folded or convolute in bud. Inflorescences corymbose-racemose. Flowers pedicellate . Hypanthium bowl-shaped. Sepals 5, persistent or caducous . Petals 5, white, pink, or red, suborbicular or obovate . Stamens 15-50, with white filaments and yellow anthers . Ovary inferior, 3-5-loculed, with 2 ovules in each cell ; styles 3-5, connate at base , glabrous or pubescent . Pome usually not containing stone-cells or present in a few species, 3-5-loculed, 1- or 2-seeded in each cell, with cartilaginous endocarp (core ) . Seeds brown or black, cotyledons plano-convex .

About 55 species: widely distributed in N temperate zone; 25 species (15 endemic) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habit: A small, deciduous tree with dense, twiggy branching and densely branched rounded crown.

Flowers: Profuse, small flowers borne in corymbs, with five petals. Blooms in April to early May. Fragrant, 5-petaled blossoms . Attracts bees.

Seeds: Fruit: Globose pome containing 5 carpels arranged in a star, each with 1-2 seeds.

Foliage: Summer foliage: Leaves are smooth , simple , broad, ovate or broad-eliptic or lanceolate, unlobed and toothed along the margin . Color is medium green.

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 15 to 20 feet tall and wide at maturity.

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Patio tree . Small groupings or massing. Specimen. Useful for showy bloom . Useful for high quality summer foliage . Attract birds and wildlife to fruit. • Care: Deer resistant. Tolerates pollution . Tolerates rabbits. Requires cross-pollination between individuals, via insects. Established plants can benefit from fertilization.

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,500 meters (0 to 8,202 feet).[3]

Biology

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Growth

Soil: Very tolerant of a range of soils, and pH from 5.5 to 7.5. Prefers moist, organic , slightly acid, well-drained soils.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Prefers full sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Synonyms

Malus sylvestris mitis (Wallr.) Mansf. • Pyrus malus L. • Pyrus malus var. mitis Wallr.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 2009

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Malus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 761 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

M. angustifolia (Narrow-Leaved Crab Apple) · M. angustifolia var. angustifolia (Southern Crabapple) · M. angustifolia var. puberula (Southern Crabapple) · M. arnoldiana (Arnold's Apple) · M. baccata (Siberian Crabapple) · M. baccata 'Dolgo' (Flowering Crabapple) · M. communis var. silvestris (Wild Apple) · M. coronaria (Garland Crab Apple) · M. coronaria var. coronaria (Sweet Crabapple) · M. coronaria var. dasycalyx (Sweet Crabapple) · M. coronaria 'Big O' (Sweet Crabapple) · M. dasyphylla (Paradise Apple) · M. domestica (Apple) · M. domestica var. calvillea (Wild Apple) · M. domestica 'Aynho Scarlet' (Apple 'aynho Scarlet') · M. domestica 'Ballerina Flamenco' (Apple 'ballerina Flamenco') · M. domestica 'Beller' (Apple 'beller') · M. domestica 'Berleis' (Apple 'berleis') · M. domestica 'Bright Future' (Apple 'bright Future') · M. domestica 'Brown's Seedling' (Apple 'brown's Seedling') · M. domestica 'B. Thome McIntosh' (Apple 'b. Thome Mcintosh') · M. domestica 'Caudal Market' (Apple 'caudal Market') · M. domestica 'Cauflight' (Apple 'cauflight') · M. domestica 'Croen Mochyn' (Apple 'croen Mochyn') · M. domestica 'Dalirène' (Apple 'dalir) · M. domestica 'Delfloga' (Apple 'delfloga') · M. domestica 'Elshard' (Apple 'elshard') · M. domestica 'Eynsham Challenger' (Apple 'eynsham Challenger') · M. domestica 'Galaval' (Apple 'galaval') · M. domestica 'Glansevin' (Afal Glansevin) · M. domestica 'Golden Bromham' (Apple 'golden Bromham') · M. domestica 'Goldlane' (Apple 'goldlane') · M. domestica 'Gooseberry Apple' (Apple 'gooseberry Apple') · M. domestica 'Grandpa Ailes' (Apple 'grandpa Ailes') · M. domestica 'Gwell Na Mil' (Apple 'gwell Na Mil') · M. domestica 'Julie's Late Golden' (Apple 'julie's Late Golden') · M. domestica 'Lady Laura' (Apple 'lady Laura') · M. domestica 'McDonald Gala' (Apple 'mcdonald Gala') · M. domestica 'Minneiska' (Apple 'minneiska') · M. domestica 'Moonlight' (Apple 'moonlight') · M. domestica 'North Aston Nonpareil' (Apple 'north Aston Nonpareil') · M. domestica 'Pen Caled' (Afal Pen Caled) · M. domestica 'Phelp's Favourite' (Apple 'phelp's Favourite') · M. domestica 'Pig Yr Wydd' (Afal Pig Yr Wydd) · M. domestica 'Plymouth Cross' (Apple 'plymouth Cross') · M. domestica 'Pren Glas' (Afal Pren Glas) · M. domestica 'Redlane' (Apple 'redlane') · M. domestica 'Red Delicious' (Red Delicious Apple) · M. domestica 'Rhapsodie' (Apple 'rhapsodie') · M. domestica 'Rondo' (Apple 'rondo') · M. domestica 'Royal Gala' (Royal Gala Apple) · M. domestica 'Rucla' (Apple 'rucla') · M. domestica 'Shilling' (Apple 'shilling') · M. domestica 'Sonate' (Apple 'sonate') · M. domestica 'Spartan' (Spartan Apple) · M. domestica 'Stark' (Apple) · M. domestica 'Sunlight' (Apple 'sunlight') · M. domestica 'Tinyrwydd' (Afal Tinyrwydd) · M. domestica 'Tunda' (Apple 'tunda') · M. domestica 'Ueb26002' (Apple 'ueb24080') · M. domestica 'Wadey's Seedling' (Apple 'wadey's Seedling') · M. domestica 'Wern' (Afal Wern) · M. domestica 'Zari' (Apple 'zari') · M. domestica 'Zonga' (Apple 'zonga') · M. floribunda (Japanese Flowering Crabapple) · M. fusca (Oregon Crabapple) · M. glabrata (Biltmore Crabapple) · M. glaucescens (Dunbar Crabapple) · M. ioensis (Iowa Crabapple) · M. ioensis var. texana (Texas Crabapple) · M. Jelly King = 'Mattfru' (Crab Apple [jelly King]) · M. kansuensis (Flowering Crabapple) · M. magdeburgensis (Malus) · M. mandshurica (Manchurian Apple) · M. micromalus (Kaido Crab Apple) · M. platycarpa (Bigfruit Crab) · M. prunifolia (Pear-Leaf Crabapple) · M. prunifolia var. ringo (Chinese Apple) · M. pumila (Apple) · M. pumila var. McIntosh (Mcintosh Apple) · M. pumila '5-N-1' (Apple) · M. pumila 'Liberty' (Liberty Apple) · M. sargentii (Sargent Crabapple) · M. sargentii 'Candymint' (Sargents Crabapple) · M. sargentii 'Roseglow' (Sargents Crabapple) · M. sargentii 'Tina' (Sargents Crabapple) · M. sieboldii (Siebolds Crabapple) · M. sieboldii var. sieboldii (Toringa Crabapple) · M. sieboldii var. zumi (Toringa Crabapple) · M. sikkimensis (Crabapple) · M. soulardii (Soulard Crab) · M. sylvestris (Common Crab Apple) · M. toringo (Tea Crabapple) · M. toringoides (Cut-Leaved Crab) · M. toringo sargentii 'Tina' (Sargent Tina Crabapple) · M. transitoria 'Schmidtcutleaf' (Golden Raindrops® Crabapple) · M. x (Arnold's Apple) · M. x atrosanguinea (Carmine Crabapple) · M. x Coralburst™ (Coralburst" Crabapple) · M. x domestica (Jonathan Apple)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal January 29, 2008:

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. Cuizhi Gu, Chaoluan Li, Lingdi Lu, Shunyuan Jiang, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, David E. Boufford, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba, Kenneth R. Robertson & Steven A. Spongberg "Rosaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 46. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  2. Ku Tsue-chih, Stephen A. Spongberg "Malus". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 179. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  3. Mean = 302.810 meters (993.471 feet), Standard Deviation = 370.760 based on 584 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
Last Revised: 2014-11-20