Some binaries in Unix-Linux systems like ping or mount have a long argument. For example if we write ping -h in the terminal, one of the options is:
Usage: ping [-aAbBdDfhLnOqrRUvV64]
Is this long set of characters really an argument?
No, this is an abbreviated way of listing all the possible single-letter options: -a, -A, -b, etc. See the ping manpage for details (for better results, run man ping on your own system — that will show the documentation for the version you have installed).
-4 and -6 in this case.
-abcmeans here. The brackets make things optional, but there's still a difference between a literal string, a concatenation of multiple optional switches, and a string that's actually a description of some value.man ping!