Partial answer:
The Nvidia card is correctly enumerated, but this
[    0.319197] pci 0000:01:00.0: can't claim BAR 6 [mem 0xfff80000-0xffffffff pref]: no compatible bridge window
[    0.319215] pci 0000:01:00.0: BAR 6: no space for [mem size 0x00080000 pref]
[    0.319216] pci 0000:01:00.0: BAR 6: failed to assign [mem size 0x00080000 pref]
[    0.319217] pci 0000:00:01.0: PCI bridge to [bus 01]
[    0.319219] pci 0000:00:01.0:   bridge window [io  0xd000-0xdfff]
[    0.319221] pci 0000:00:01.0:   bridge window [mem 0xd1000000-0xd1ffffff]
[    0.319223] pci 0000:00:01.0:   bridge window [mem 0xa0000000-0xb1ffffff 64bit pref]
suggests that there is something off with the pci-to-pci bridge that is used to access the graphics card.
This here
[    1.028760] ACPI Warning: \_SB.PCI0.GFX0._DSM: Argument #4 type mismatch - Found [Buffer], ACPI requires [Package] (20160930/nsarguments-95)
[    1.028792] ACPI Warning: \_SB.PCI0.PEG0.PEGP._DSM: Argument #4 type mismatch - Found [Buffer], ACPI requires [Package] (20160930/nsarguments-95)
[    1.028867] ACPI Warning: \_SB.PCI0.PEG0.PEGP._DSM: Argument #4 type mismatch - Found [Buffer], ACPI requires [Package] (20160930/nsarguments-95)
[    1.028918] pci 0000:01:00.0: optimus capabilities: enabled, status dynamic power, hda bios codec supported
[    1.028920] VGA switcheroo: detected Optimus DSM method \_SB_.PCI0.PEG0.PEGP handle
indeed looks like something goes wrong in the ACPI, and GFX0 and PEG0 are probably graphic card sections. The wrong ACPI may also cause trouble with the pci-to-pci bridge.
So very likely the BIOS provides slightly different ACPI information after the hibernation (for whatever reason), and Linux chokes on that, while Windows doesn't.
So the next step would be to debug the ACPI, which isn't fun, and I'm not expert at that. Possibly you could take this to the kernel people who are responsible for the ACPI interpretation, file a bug and see if someone finds it interesting enough to have a look.
     
    
dmesgsomewhere (e.g. USB stick), upload to a pastebin etc. and edit question with link. Also, edit your question with the output oflspci -vv -s 1:0.0The last lines show a PCIe read error of the graphics card after a timeout, so I suspect the PCI setup fails, which may or may not be related to the ACPI error.