I have come across a .service that contains the following:
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
The original .service file can be found here.
What is the the meaning of multi-user.target?
I am on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.
5 Answers
multi-user.target means that the systemd-service will start when the system reach runlevel 2.
To complement the answer, here's a table of the targets and their run levels:
Run Lvl Target Units Description
0 runlevel0.target, poweroff.target Shut down and power off
1 runlevel1.target, rescue.target Set up a rescue shell
2,3,4 runlevel[234].target, Set up a non-gfx multi-user shell
multi-user.target
5 runlevel5.target, graphical.target Set up a gfx multi-user shell
6 runlevel6.target, reboot.target Shut down and reboot the system
answered Jun 24, 2018 at 16:47
-
1But it's WantedBy=multi-user.target, so it just means the service will start and before runlevel 2 right ? not necessarily when system reaches runlevel 2, am I wrong ?Tristan– Tristan2018-12-10 17:53:33 +00:00Commented Dec 10, 2018 at 17:53
-
3What's a
gfxmulti-user shell? Any reference?Giuseppe Crinò– Giuseppe Crinò2019-10-14 07:46:47 +00:00Commented Oct 14, 2019 at 7:46 -
1A gfx multi-user shell refer to a multi-user system with a GUI.Tobias Holm– Tobias Holm2019-10-15 14:44:46 +00:00Commented Oct 15, 2019 at 14:44
-
2@TobiasHolm You might not be completely right, I'm getting the same target (graphical.target) even on a GUI-less Debian server with
systemctl get-default.aderchox– aderchox2021-11-27 10:30:09 +00:00Commented Nov 27, 2021 at 10:30 -
FYI, see also
man systemd.specialandman runlevel.Kai– Kai2024-01-17 08:32:08 +00:00Commented Jan 17, 2024 at 8:32
This is the dependencies handling mechanism in Systemd.
multi-user.target is the alternative for runlevel 3 in SystemV world.
That said, reaching multi-user.target includes starting the Confluent ZooKeeper service.
That's probably what you need indeed.
-
11pretty vague answer. amazed that it got the green tick. some people be like, knows a little, throws a brittle.ino– ino2021-08-21 05:14:24 +00:00Commented Aug 21, 2021 at 5:14
-
actually, it's pretty informative even for systemd disliking person - if one is not ready to grasp content, they shall start learning from scratch.silpol– silpol2023-02-26 08:46:50 +00:00Commented Feb 26, 2023 at 8:46
I found this landoflinux.com tutorial (webarchive) the simplest to understand. You can run the following command yourself to see what's there:
$ ls -al /lib/systemd/system/runlevel*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Apr 25 10:31 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel0.target -> poweroff.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Apr 25 10:31 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel1.target -> rescue.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Apr 25 10:31 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel2.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Apr 25 10:31 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel3.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Apr 25 10:31 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel4.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 Apr 25 10:31 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target -> graphical.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Apr 25 10:31 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel6.target -> reboot.target
But you should probably just read the linked question accepted answer about targets.
-
1"landoflinux.com" is now a gambling site.user5359531– user53595312025-05-01 04:44:40 +00:00Commented May 1 at 4:44
-
1@user5359531 cheers - used the archive linkicc97– icc972025-05-18 18:44:43 +00:00Commented May 18 at 18:44
tldr if a service is wanted by multi-user.target, the service requires a number of services needed for a non-graphical multi-user session to be started (see the required services in the chart below).
$ man systemd.special
...
multi-user.target
A special target unit for setting up a multi-user system (non-graphical). This is pulled in by graphical.target.
Units that are needed for a multi-user system shall add Wants= dependencies for their unit to this unit during installation. This is best configured via WantedBy=multi-user.target in the unit's [Install] section.
...
the services required by the target can be found in the chart below:
cryptsetup-pre.target veritysetup-pre.target
|
(various low-level v
API VFS mounts: (various cryptsetup/veritysetup devices...)
mqueue, configfs, | |
debugfs, ...) v |
| cryptsetup.target |
| (various swap | | remote-fs-pre.target
| devices...) | | | |
| | | | | v
| v local-fs-pre.target | | | (network file systems)
| swap.target | | v v |
| | v | remote-cryptsetup.target |
| | (various low-level (various mounts and | remote-veritysetup.target |
| | services: udevd, fsck services...) | | |
| | tmpfiles, random | | | remote-fs.target
| | seed, sysctl, ...) v | | |
| | | local-fs.target | | _____________/
| | | | | |/
\____|______|_______________ ______|___________/ |
\ / |
v |
sysinit.target |
| |
______________________/|\_____________________ |
/ | | | \ |
| | | | | |
v v | v | |
(various (various | (various | |
timers...) paths...) | sockets...) | |
| | | | | |
v v | v | |
timers.target paths.target | sockets.target | |
| | | | v |
v \_______ | _____/ rescue.service |
\|/ | |
v v |
basic.target rescue.target |
| |
________v____________________ |
/ | \ |
| | | |
v v v |
display- (various system (various system |
manager.service services services) |
| required for | |
| graphical UIs) v v
| | multi-user.target
emergency.service | | |
| \_____________ | _____________/
v \|/
emergency.target v
graphical.target
the list of dependencies can also be found with
$ systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target
TL;DR
multiuser.target is a system setting based terminal only meant for use on systems that do not have or require a graphical desktop environment. Such as for instance, a cluster.
The reference to runlevels is not really relevant, as they are not part of systemd. They are a set of system configurations (in this case 3 different ones) that you can use to determine which services will be started and which not.
But the short answer to your question is: multiuser.target is a special system configuration for a shell-only environment on multi-user systems that can be called at startup (or whenever you want, actually)/
answered Apr 15, 2024 at 13:51
[Install]section of a unit file. Ironically, it is the very next table down from the one hyperlinked in the question.