I have a problem while loading into Ubuntu 17.04.
This happens for the 2nd time after I booted into Windows. For the 1st time I just reinstalled the Ubuntu.
I am not good at this question, so I hope to get a full list of steps to diagnose and resolve this issue.

As a workaround e2fsck -b <Magic number> <device> has been used.
Here is the output of fdisk -l and it is seems fine to me:
Disk /dev/sda: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: F3EBBDD3-ABDB-4AD4-BBFB-9F97E38D2A2B
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sda1 2048 2050047 2048000 1000M Windows recovery environment
/dev/sda2 2050048 2582527 532480 260M EFI System
/dev/sda3 2582528 4630527 2048000 1000M Lenovo boot partition
/dev/sda4 4630528 4892671 262144 128M Microsoft reserved
/dev/sda5 4892672 1029873663 1024980992 488.8G Microsoft basic data
/dev/sda6 1029873664 1541873663 512000000 244.1G Microsoft basic data
/dev/sda7 1541873664 1737185279 195311616 93.1G Linux filesystem
/dev/sda8 1737185280 1741185023 3999744 1.9G Linux swap
/dev/sda9 1741185024 1953523711 212338688 101.3G Linux filesystem
e2fsck <Magic Number> /dev/sda7ande2fsck <Magic Number> /dev/sda7. But, I want to get the root cause of this behavior. Nothing extraordinary was done last time. And I'm using the same disk partitioning that I used before on Ubuntu 16.04, excpt that I've resized the partitions.