Make sure the script is executable , then you dont need the bash and double quotes etc. Just run it striaght away by path/name and provide the options.
[root@ap-p1m-ff ~]# docker exec -i 0c cat /tmp/test.sh
#!bin/bash
ls $1
[root@ap-p1m-ff ~]# docker exec -i 0c /tmp/test.sh -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 159 Jun 4 18:32 RELEASE
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 120 Jun 4 18:33 assets
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 31 Jun 4 18:33 bin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Apr 12 2016 boot
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 340 Jun 7 19:50 dev
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 22 Jun 7 19:50 etc
but if the script is not already executble the bash should work as well:
[root@ap-p1m-ff ~]# docker exec -i 0c bash /tmp/test.sh -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 159 Jun 4 18:32 RELEASE
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 120 Jun 4 18:33 assets
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 31 Jun 4 18:33 bin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Apr 12 2016 boot
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 340 Jun 7 19:50 dev
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 22 Jun 7 19:50 etc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Apr 12 2016 home
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 45 Sep 13 2015 lib
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 34 May 15 14:22 lib64
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 May 15 14:22 media