Apparently, $_ in bash means "last argument of previous command".
The closest approximation of that is $$, which is defined as:
Contains the last token in the last line received by the session.
However, I don't know if that means PowerShell's $$ behaves like bash's $_ or if it behaves like bash's !$. I think it's closer to !$, but I'm on my Chromebook at the moment and can't confirm.
Edit: It's like !$:
PS C:\> Get-Location > a.txt
PS C:\> $$
a.txt
So there's no direct equivalent to bash's $_.
Keep in mind, though, that PowerShell strongly favors objects and pipes, so retaining the bash convention of thinking about everything in terms of plain text and space-delimited tokens won't serve you as well. The best way to do this in PowerShell is:
mkdir 20171206 | cd
Or, if you're not using any of the default PowerShell aliases and functions (I'm not sure what gets retained on Linux PowerShell, for example):
New-Item 20171206 -ItemType Directory | Set-Location
mkdir 20171206 | cd.$_does. I would start by looking atGet-Help about_Automatic_Variables.