Isn't really there encapsulation in Python [duplicate]

Question

So today I asked if there's something like Protected member class in Python where many people said there's no something like lik Public Protected or Private . But I made the following code to test this:

class Vehiculo():

    def __init__(self, peso):
        self.__peso = peso

and from an outer class I did:

car = Vehiculo(10)
car.__peso = 20

and what it printed was still 10, so this is like Private, however when I changed the class variable with just one underline:

class Vehiculo():

        def __init__(self, peso):
            self._peso = peso

it printed 20 instead. Can someone clearly explain this to me? I've read a very similar post (that many consider as duplicate) but I DON'T UNDERSTAND what they say. This is exactly the Public Private behavior. And I'd like to know how to do a Protected behavior or if it's even possible.

Thanks and regads.

Answer 1

There is no such thing as public, private or protected in Python classes. Private methods and values are usually prefixed with an _ underscore as a convention to hint to other developers that this shouldn't be accessed directly. However, there are no mechanisms to prevent you from simply accessing those members.

The double underscore convention (__init__, __lt__, etc) is typically used by Python itself to set specific module-level or class-level variables. These are sometimes referred to as "magic methods".

Answer 2

Attributes with a double underscore prefix are mangled, but they are not private. You can still do car._Vehiculo__peso = 20, and that will successfully set the "private" variable.