uppercase first character in a variable with bash

Question

I want to uppercase just the first character in my string with bash.

foo="bar";

//uppercase first character

echo $foo;

should print Bar.

Answer 1

One way with bash (version 4+):

foo=bar
echo "${foo^}"

prints:

Bar

Answer 2

foo="$(tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' <<< ${foo:0:1})${foo:1}"

Answer 3

One way with sed:

echo "$(echo "$foo" | sed 's/.*/\u&/')"

Prints:

Bar

Answer 4

To capitalize first word only:

foo='one two three'
foo="${foo^}"
echo $foo

One two three

---

To capitalize every word in the variable:

foo="one two three"
foo=( $foo ) # without quotes
foo="${foo[@]^}"
echo $foo

One Two Three

---

(works in bash 4+)

Answer 5

$ foo="bar";
$ foo=`echo ${foo:0:1} | tr  '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'`${foo:1}
$ echo $foo
Bar

Answer 6

Using awk only

foo="uNcapItalizedstrIng"
echo $foo | awk '{print toupper(substr($0,0,1))tolower(substr($0,2))}'

Answer 7

Here is the "native" text tools way:

#!/bin/bash

string="abcd"
first=`echo $string|cut -c1|tr [a-z] [A-Z]`
second=`echo $string|cut -c2-`
echo $first$second

Answer 8

just for fun here you are :

foo="bar";    

echo $foo | awk '{$1=toupper(substr($1,0,1))substr($1,2)}1'
# or
echo ${foo^}
# or
echo $foo | head -c 1 | tr [a-z] [A-Z]; echo $foo | tail -c +2
# or
echo ${foo:1} | sed -e 's/^./\B&/'

Answer 9

It can be done in pure bash with bash-3.2 as well:

# First, get the first character.
fl=${foo:0:1}

# Safety check: it must be a letter :).
if [[ ${fl} == [a-z] ]]; then
    # Now, obtain its octal value using printf (builtin).
    ord=$(printf '%o' "'${fl}")

    # Fun fact: [a-z] maps onto 0141..0172. [A-Z] is 0101..0132.
    # We can use decimal '- 40' to get the expected result!
    ord=$(( ord - 40 ))

    # Finally, map the new value back to a character.
    fl=$(printf '%b' '\'${ord})
fi

echo "${fl}${foo:1}"

Answer 10

This works too...

FooBar=baz

echo ${FooBar^^${FooBar:0:1}}

=> Baz

FooBar=baz

echo ${FooBar^^${FooBar:1:1}}

=> bAz

FooBar=baz

echo ${FooBar^^${FooBar:2:2}}

=> baZ

And so on.

Sources:

• Bash Manual: Shell Parameter Expansion
• Full Bash Guide: Parameters
• Bash Hacker's Wiki Parameter Expansion

Inroductions/Tutorials:

• Cyberciti.biz: 8. Convert to upper to lower case or vice versa
• Opensource.com: An introduction to parameter expansion in Bash

Answer 11

Alternative and clean solution for both Linux and OSX, it can also be used with bash variables

python -c "print(\"abc\".capitalize())"

returns Abc

Answer 12

This one worked for me:

Searching for all *php file in the current directory , and replace the first character of each filename to capital letter:

e.g: test.php => Test.php

for f in *php ; do mv "$f" "$(\sed 's/.*/\u&/' <<< "$f")" ; done

Answer 13

This is POSIX sh-compatible as far as I know.

upper_first.sh:

#!/bin/sh

printf "$1" | cut -c1 -z | tr -d '\0' | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]
printf "$1" | cut -c2-

cut -c1 -z ends the first string with \0 instead of \n. It gets removed with tr -d '\0'. It also works to omit the -z and use tr -d '\n' instead, but this breaks if the first character of the string is a newline.

Usage:

$ upper_first.sh foo
Foo
$

In a function:

#!/bin/sh

function upper_first ()
{
    printf "$1" | cut -c1 -z | tr -d '\0' | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]
    printf "$1" | cut -c2-
}

old="foo"
new="$(upper_first "$old")"
echo "$new"

Answer 14

Posix compliant and with less sub-processes:

v="foo[Bar]"
printf "%s" "${v%"${v#?}"}" | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' && printf "%s" "${v#?}"
==> Foo[Bar]

Answer 15

first-letter-to-lower () {
        str="" 
        space=" " 
        for i in $@
        do
                if [ -z $(echo $i | grep "the\|of\|with" ) ]
                then
                        str=$str"$(echo ${i:0:1} | tr  '[A-Z]' '[a-z]')${i:1}$space" 
                else
                        str=$str${i}$space 
                fi
        done
        echo $str
}
first-letter-to-upper-xc () {
        v-first-letter-to-upper | xclip -selection clipboard
}
first-letter-to-upper () {
        str="" 
        space=" " 
        for i in $@
        do
                if [ -z $(echo $i | grep "the\|of\|with" ) ]
                then
                        str=$str"$(echo ${i:0:1} | tr  '[a-z]' '[A-Z]')${i:1}$space" 
                else
                        str=$str${i}$space 
                fi
        done
        echo $str
}

first-letter-to-lower-xc(){ v-first-letter-to-lower | xclip -selection clipboard }

Answer 16

Not exactly what asked but quite helpful

declare -u foo #When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are converted to upper-case.

foo=bar
echo $foo
BAR

And the opposite

declare -l foo #When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are converted to lower-case.

foo=BAR
echo $foo
bar

Answer 17

What if the first character is not a letter (but a tab, a space, and a escaped double quote)? We'd better test it until we find a letter! So:

S='  \"ó foo bar\"'
N=0
until [[ ${S:$N:1} =~ [[:alpha:]] ]]; do N=$[$N+1]; done
#F=`echo ${S:$N:1} | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]`
#F=`echo ${S:$N:1} | sed -E -e 's/./\u&/'` #other option
F=`echo ${S:$N:1}
F=`echo ${F} #pure Bash solution to "upper"
echo "$F"${S:(($N+1))} #without garbage
echo '='${S:0:(($N))}"$F"${S:(($N+1))}'=' #garbage preserved

Foo bar
= \"Foo bar=