Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Perivascular spaces
Perivascular spaces, also known as Virchow-Robin spaces, are fluid-filled spaces that surround small arterioles, capillaries and venules in the brain. Those that surround perforating vessels are frequently seen on routine MRI imaging.
Despite having been described well over a century ago and see...
Article
Posterolateral corner injury of the knee
Posterolateral corner (PLC) injury of the knee can occur in isolation or with other internal derangements of the knee, particularly cruciate ligament tears. The importance of injuries to the posterolateral ligamentous complex lies in the possible long-term joint instability and cruciate graft fai...
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Lateral collateral ligament injury of the knee
Lateral collateral ligament injuries of the knee are rare in isolation and usually occur in the context of a posterolateral corner injury or in association with other ligamentous or meniscal injuries.
Terminology
A
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Cortical desmoid
Cortical desmoids, also known as cortical avulsive injuries, Bufkin lesion or distal femoral cortical defects/irregularities, are a benign self-limiting entity that are common incidental findings. This is a classic "do not touch" lesion, and should not be confused with an aggressive cor...
Article
Rectoanal intussusception
Rectoanal intussusception refers to the telescoping or infolding of the rectal wall within the rectum itself, or into the anal canal, or externally, during defecation.
Terminology
Rectoanal intussusception is also termed internal intussusception
Article
Breast cancer metastases
Metastases from breast cancer can be a frequent finding in routine oncoradiological practice.
Clinical presentation
With the universal use and acceptance of screening mammography, the isolated clinical presentation from metastases from breast carcinoma has become rare in clinical practice. Hist...
Article
Verumontanum
The verumontanum or seminal colliculus is the rounded eminence of the urethral crest within the posterior wall of the mid prostatic urethra. The prostatic utricle opens into it in the midline and the two ejaculatory ducts open just distal to the utricle. On either side of it lie the prostatic
Article
Scaphoid fracture
Scaphoid fractures (i.e. fractures through the scaphoid bone) are common, in some instances can be difficult to diagnose, and can result in significant functional impairment.
Epidemiology
Scaphoid fractures account for 70-80% of all carpal bone fractures 1. Although they o
Article
Medical devices in the thorax
Medical devices in the thorax are regularly observed by radiologists when reviewing radiographs and CT scans.
Extrathoracic devices
tubing, clamps, syringes, scissors, lying on or under the patient
rubber sheets, foam mattresses, clothing, hair braids, nipple piercing
Article
Medial breast margin sign
The medial breast margin sign is a sign of pectus excavatum seen on the frontal chest radiographs of women. It is one of several described signs of pectus excavatum on frontal chest radiographs.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
Women with pectus excavatum may have a more vertically orie...
Article
Mitral valve replacement
Mitral valve replacement refers to the substitution of the mitral valve either by a mechanical valve or bioprosthesis.
Indications
Mitral valve replacement has been superseded by mitral valve repair in most situations of mitral valve dysfunction 1-3. Further existing indications of operative mi...
Article
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Electrocardiography is the process of recording an electrocardiogram (ECG). An ECG is a recording of the heart's electrical activity carried out by measuring the potential difference across different points on the skin surface using electrodes.
Technique
This is often carried out as a '12 lead'...
Article
Prosthetic heart valve
Prosthetic heart valves are common. The four valves of the heart may all be surgically replaced. However, the aortic and mitral valves are the most commonly replaced.
Replacements may be tissue or metallic valves, only the latter being visualized on imaging investigations. Sometimes the annulus ...
Article
Optic perineuritis
Optic perineuritis, also known as perioptic neuritis, refers to inflammation of the optic nerve sheath. Optic perineuritis may manifest on its own, or together with inflammation of adjacent ocular or orbital structures.
Epidemiology
Optic perineuritis is likely rare 1,9, but the exact incidence...
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Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis
Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis is an inflammatory disease of the esophagus characterized by eosinophilia that can involve all the layers of the esophagus.
Epidemiology
It is most commonly seen in males aged 20-40. It is an uncommon disease; however not rare.
Clinical presentation
Patie...
Article
Football sign (pneumoperitoneum)
The football sign is seen in cases of massive pneumoperitoneum, where the abdominal cavity is outlined by gas from a perforated viscus. The median umbilical ligament and falciform ligament are sometimes included in the description of this sign, as representing the sutures.
Which football is used...
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Case title
Each case should have a case title which can be entered in its dedicated box - a clear and concise case title is vital to having the educational case library well-organized and easy to navigate.
Format
The case title is best labeled as just the diagnosis of the case:
Hepatoma
Article
Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder
Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor of the bladder. The most common presenting complaints are urinary voiding symptoms such as obstruction and irritation.
These leiomyomas exhibit imaging characteristics on ultrasound, CT and MRI similar to those of uterine leiom...
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Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. The autonomic system provides innervation of the involuntary muscles, i.e. myocardium and smooth muscle, and glands, through which fine cont
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Bicuspid aortic valve
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) refers to a spectrum of deformed aortic valves with two functional leaflets or cusps, which are often unequal in size.
They are most often congenital, while an acquired bicuspid valve occurs when there is fibrous fusion between the right and left cusps of a pre-existi...
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