The Galik script (Standard Tibetan: ཨ་ལི་ཀ་ལི།, a li ka li, Manchu: ᠠᠯᠢ ᡬᠠᠯᠢ, Ali Kali, Mongolian: Али-гали үсэг, Ali-gali üseg) is an extension to the Manchu script and traditional Mongolian script. It was created in 1587 by the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh (Mongolian: Аюуш гүүш), inspired by the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso. He added extra characters for transcribing Tibetan and Sanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also from Chinese. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names.[1]
| Galik Ali Gali | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
| Creator | Ayuush Güüsh |
Period | 16th century |
| Languages | Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan, Sanskrit |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems | Clear script Vagindra script |
Some authors (particularly historic ones like Isaac Taylor in his The Alphabet: an account of the origin and development of letters, 1883) don't distinguish between the Galik and standard Mongolian alphabets.
To ensure that most text in the script displays correctly in your browser, the text sample below should resemble its image counterpart. Additional notes on the affected characters and their desired components are provided in the tables further down. For relevant terminology, see Mongolian script § Components.
| Reference image | Browser-rendered text | Romanization |
|---|---|---|
 |
ᠾᠠ᠋ᠠ | hā |
Letters
editThe order of the letters corresponds to the alphabetic order of Sanskrit.[2]: 28
| Vowels[3]: 61–63, 241–243 [2]: 26–28 [4]: 233 [1]: 37 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mongolian(left) / Manchu(right) script |
Devanagari script | IAST | Tibetan script | Wylie (EWTS) |
| ᠠ᠋ a | अ | a | ཨ | a |
| ᠠ᠋ᠠ ᢇ a‑a [note 3] |
आ / ा | ā | ཨཱ | A |
| ᠢ i | इ / ि | i | ཨི | i |
| ᠢᠢ ii | ई / ी | ī | ཨཱི | I |
| ⟨ᠦ᠋ ᡠ⟩ |
उ / ु | u | ཨུ | u |
| ⟨ᠤᠦ ᡠᡠ⟩ |
ऊ / ू | ū | ཨཱུ | U |
| ᠷᠢ ri | ऋ / ृ | ṛ | རྀ | r-i |
| ᠷᠢᠢ rii | ॠ / ॄ | ṝ | རཱྀ | r-I |
| ᠯᠢ li | ऌ / ॢ | ḷ | ལྀ | l-i |
| ᠯᠢᠢ lii | ॡ / ॣ | ḹ | ལཱྀ | l-I |
| ᠧ ᡝ ē/é |
ए / े | e | ཨེ | e |
| ᠧᠧ ᡝᡝ ēē/éé |
ऐ / ै | ai | ཨཻ | ai |
| ⟨ᠣᠸᠠ ᠣ⟩ |
ओ / ो | o | ཨོ | o |
| ⟨ᠣᠸᠸᠠ ᠣᠣ⟩ [note 4] |
औ / ौ | au | ཨཽ | au |
| ᢀ᠋ᠠ᠋ | अं | am / aṃ | ཨ / ཨཾ | aM |
| ᠠ᠋ᢁ | अः | aẖ / aḥ | ཨ / ཨཿ | aH |
| Consonants[3]: 64–69, 189–194, 244–255 [2]: 26–28 [4]: 234–239 [1]: 37 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mongolian script |
Devanagari | IAST | Tibetan | Wylie (EWTS) |
| ᢉ ᡬ |
क | ka | ཀ | ka |
| ᢉ ka/kha | ख | kha | ཁ | kha |
| ᠺ ᡤ ga/ka |
ग | ga | ག | ga |
| ᠺᠾ ᢚ᠋ gha/kha |
घ | gha | གྷ | g+ha |
| ᠡᠭ ᢛ᠋ |
ङ | ṅa | ང | nga |
| ᡔ ᢣ᠋ |
— | — | ཅ | ca |
| ᡓ ᢜ᠋ |
च | ca | ཙ | tsa |
| ᠴ᠋ ča | — | — | ཆ | cha |
| ᠼ ᡮ᠋ ca |
छ | cha | ཚ | tsha |
| ᡔ᠋ | — | — | ཇ | ja |
| ⟨ᢋ ᠵ᠋⟩ |
ज | ja | ཛ | dza |
| ⟨ᢋᠾ ᢝ᠋⟩? / ᠽᠾᠠ᠋ |
झ | jha | ཛྷ | dz+ha |
| ᡛ ᠨᠢᠶᠢ᠋ |
ञ | ña | ཉ | nya |
| ᢌ ᢞ᠋ |
ट | ṭa | ཊ | Ta |
| ⟨ᡂ ᡱ᠋⟩ / ᢍᠠ᠋ |
ठ | ṭha | ཋ | Tha |
| ᢎ ᡲ᠋ |
ड | ḍa | ཌ | Da |
| ᢎᠾ ᢟ᠋ |
ढ | ḍha | ཌྷ | D+ha |
| ᢏ᠋ | ण | ṇa | ཎ | Na |
| ⟨ᠳ ᢠ᠋⟩
|
त | ta | ཏ | ta |
| ᠲ ᡨ᠋ ta |
थ | tha | ཐ | tha |
| ᠳ ᡩ᠋ da |
द | da | ད | da |
| ᠳᠾ ᢡ᠋ dha |
ध | dha | དྷ | d+ha |
| [[Na (Mongolic)|ᠨ᠋ na | न | na | ན | na |
| ᢒ | प | pa | པ | pa |
| ᠪ ᡦ ba |
फ | pha | ཕ | pha |
| ᠪ ba | ब | ba | བ | ba |
| ᠪᠾ ᢨ᠋ bha |
भ | bha | བྷ | b+ha |
| ᠮᠠ᠋ ma | म | ma | མ | ma |
| ᠶ᠋ᠠ᠋/ᠶᠠ᠋ ya | य | ya | ཡ | ya |
| ᠷᠠ᠋ ra | र | ra | ར | ra |
| ᠯᠠ᠋ la | ल | la | ལ | la |
| ᡀᠠ᠋ lha | — | — | ལྷ | lha |
| ᠸᠠ᠋ wa/va | व | va | ཝ | wa |
| ᢕᠠ᠋ | — | — | ཞ | zha |
| ⟨ᠰ᠋ᠠ᠋⟩ / ᠱᠠ᠋ ša | श | śa | ཤ | sha |
| ᢔᠠ᠋ | ष | ṣa | ཥ | Sha |
| ᠰᠠ᠋ sa | स | sa | ས | sa |
| ᠾᠠ᠋ ha | ह | ha | ཧ | ha |
| ᢖᠠ᠋? / ⟨ᢋᠠ᠋~ ᢖᠠ᠋⟩? | — | — | ཟ | za |
| ᢗᠠ᠋ | — | — | འ | 'a |
| ᢉᢔᠠ᠋ | क्ष | kṣa | ཀྵ | k+Sha |
Symbols and diacritics
edit| Forms | Name | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mongolian | Tibetan equivalent | ||
| ᢀ | Anusvara One | ᢀᠠ᠋ | ཨྃ |
| ᢀ᠋ | |||
| ᢁ | Visarga One | ᠠ᠋ᢁ | ཨཿ |
| ᢁ᠋ | |||
| ᢂ | Damaru | ᢂᠻᠠ | ྈྑ |
| ᢃ | Ubadama | ᢃᠹᠠ | ྌྥ |
| ᢄ | ᢄᠹᠠ | ྉྥ | |
| ᢅ | Baluda | ᢉᢅᠣᠸᠸᠠ[note 6] | ཀཽ྅ |
| ᢆ | Three Baluda | ᢉᢆᠣᠸᠸᠠ[note 7] | ཀཽ྅྅྅ |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b Scholarly/Scientific transliteration.[5]
- ^ The Extended Wylie Transliteration Scheme – the Tibetan and Himalayan Library
- ^ For correct rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ) + one connected, and one separated left-pointing tail (both ).
- ^ For correct rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ) + loop (ᠤ) + two long teeth with downturns (ᠧ) + a final with right-pointing tail (ᠡ).
- ^ For correct rendering, all these final a's should appear as connected and left-pointing tails ( ). A's directly preceded by any of the bow-shaped letters k, kh, g, p, ph, and b should also include a tooth in between.
- ^ For correct rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.
- ^ For correct rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.
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References
edit- ^ a b c Chuluunbaatar, Otgonbayar (2008). Einführung in die mongolischen Schriften (in German). Buske. ISBN 978-3-87548-500-4.
- ^ a b c Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
- ^ a b c "BabelStone : Mongolian and Manchu Resources". BabelStone (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-07-10.
- ^ a b Shagdarsürüng, Tseveliin (2001). "Study of Mongolian Scripts (Graphic Study or Grammatology). Enl". Bibliotheca Mongolica: Monograph 1.
- ^ "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language.